From Village to City :: World History Essays

From colonization to City Over the years of history, there have been many civilizations. Wewill look at the earliest of all civilizations known to man. From Villageto City began in 8000BC and spanned all the way into 3000BC. This essay we will look at the 6 key features of this civilization.The development of a urban center The first city to be built was Jericho, in the Middle East MapThis map is a picture of what the division of land would have looked likein those terms. clearly identified here, it is possible to see Babylon, Ur,and Eridu. c Microsoft Encarta 95. (Appendix 1). Summer at this timeevolved into the largest city-state, established by a people known as theUbaidians. The development of the city, allowed for rapid populationgrowth due to the abundance of food. Sheep, goat and pigs had beenoriginally domesticated for use as food, not as sources of clothing. Themain economic activity during this time was trade and barter. Obsidian, avolcanic glass wa s fashioned into razor sharp tools and weapons. It wasalso used as trade. People who lived near Obsidian deposits often riskedtheir lives to collect it and in the end barter it off for food or money.Obsidian comes from volcanoes and was a kind of glass, the only of thetimes. The value of Obsidian was great, and so therefore was the supply anddemand. Salt, ore, copper, and soapstone were accepted trade materials just about 8000BC. about of the Village to City civilization took place duringthe copper age, when copper was mined and used for many purposes. Tradedeveloped between different cities, Jericho, Sumer, Adab, Eridu, Isin, Kish,Kullab, Lagash, Larsa, Nippur and Ur. Most of the trade consisted oflivestock and other things such as weapons and food. Sumerians constructed large temples called Ziggurats. These templeswere the focal point of religious activities in towns. They were made ofsun-dried mud bricks that eroded easily. not many of these remain today. Near 4000B C, urban societies included, farmers, herders, merchants,artisans, priests, debtors, creditors and social leaders. Economicauthority in that time took the form of tax collection, creditors anddebtors. Civil authority was created with the use of Hammurabi code. Hammurabi edict is in a way the articulation of values. It reflects the waythey believed that matters should be handled from their times.

Sonnets: The Power of Love Essay -- Sonnet essays

Sonnets The Power of Love The majority of Elizabethan sonnets reflect two major themes time and make love. William Shakespe be, too, followed this convention, producing 154 sonnets, many of which deal with the usual theme of love. Because the idea of love is in itself so immense, Shakespe ar found several ways to capture the essence of his passion. Therefore, in his poetry he explored various methods and used them to describe the emotions associated with his love for a mysterious dark wench. These various ideas and views resulted in a series of sonnets that vibrantly depicts his feelings of true, undying love for his lady. Instead of making the topic less interesting, as some might expect, Shakespeares myriad approaches serve to further the indorsers knowledge about the sheer power of true love. Three of Shakespeares methods that show his ability in this respect are the motif of dreams and thoughts, the examples of the extent of love, and Shakespeares desire for his sonnets to aid or glorify their love. In many of Shakespeares sonnets, he frequently mentions the continuous presence of a special lady in his dreams and thoughts. For example, in Sonnet 27, Shakespeare writes about the fact that he is never without his love. This is because during the day he worships her at sight, and at night she invades his dreams. He cannot sleep without her coming, unbidden, into his mental capacity Lo, thus by day my limbs, by night my mind/ For thee, and for myself, no quiet find. Contrary to this thought, however, his constant musings of his lady are also a lenience to him. In Sonnet 29, Shakespeare, depressed and envious of others, thinks of his love Yet, in these thoughts myself almost despising,/ Haply I think on thee, a... ...that time I do square off me here/ Within the knowledge of mine own desert. If he should ever have to live without her, his sonnets will remind him of the love that once was. Shakespeares sonnets are a romantic and charming series of poe ms. His use of rhyme and passionate, eloquent language serve to illuminate his strong feelings. These techniques were probably the most fluent way for such(prenominal) a writer as him to express the immeasurable love that he obviously felt for his mysterious lady. Examining the numerous ways Shakespeare found to describe it, the reader believes that this love was undoubtedly lasting and authentic. He often made heart-felt comments about his emotions that could also suit lovers in the present day. Because of this, and the fact that people read them yet, Shakespeares sonnets are timeless and universal, just like the concept of love itself.

The Time Traveler :: Creative Writing Essays

The Time Traveler If you think most it, its kind of funny for an atheist to have the power of God. Its besides funny that Im one sentence into this narrative, and Im already look a contribute of myself. I guess Id better forget everything Ive learned about reality layers, chronotons, and hyperbubbles and try to intend the basics of chronological storytelling. I am, after all, an historian. Oh, mayhap not by choice, to be sure -- I always wanted to be a Vigilante. neer really had the stomach for the new pulverizers, though. Maybe I was brainwashed. Ill tell you who wasnt afraid of the pulverizers, though the Patrolmen. Hardly a day went by when you didnt read about some poor fool who had challenged the Patrolmen by committing an offence indoors the guns range. Of course, what passes for an offence nowadays is enough to make an historian laugh -- we who remember vividly the days when proverb God damn it would earn you a defect in infant Winterss moral values class instead of sending your pieces to hell in about fourteen different handbaskets. Thats where it all started for me, actually, in Sister Winterss class. Arthur was there, too... God damn it That hurts We were 13, Arthur and I, and still he hadnt learned not to take the Lords name in unprofitable in front of a hardcore nun like Sister Winters. The phrase tough-as-nails didnt even begin to describe her. Once, she punched poor Shelly Hurston in the throat because she motto what she described as a suspiciously sinful-looking appall there. Sister Winterss Amazing Hickey Cure is what we called it in fact, it was just a sixty-three-year-old-womans-fist-sized bruise smashed on top of the first one. That was when we were 11, and Shelly still couldnt turn her head too far to the left on this day. But what was she going to do about it? Her parents had called in policy-making favors all the way up to the Archdeacon of Schools, and they werent about to entrap a fuss and risk losing the scholarship they had weaseled out of the system for her. But, anyway, Arthur had felt responsible for Shelly ever since, in the main because he had been the generous provider of the sinful-looking bruise. Shelly had never tattled on him, either, which, in those days, was grounds enough for us to consider them a couple.The Time Traveler Creative make-up EssaysThe Time Traveler If you think about it, its kind of funny for an atheist to have the power of God. Its also funny that Im one sentence into this narrative, and Im already way ahead of myself. I guess Id better forget everything Ive learned about reality layers, chronotons, and hyperbubbles and try to remember the basics of chronological storytelling. I am, after all, an historian. Oh, maybe not by choice, to be sure -- I always wanted to be a Vigilante. Never really had the stomach for the new pulverizers, though. Maybe I was brainwashed. Ill tell you who wasnt afraid of the pulverizers, though the Patrolmen. Hardly a day went by wh en you didnt read about some poor fool who had challenged the Patrolmen by committing an offence within the guns range. Of course, what passes for an offence nowadays is enough to make an historian laugh -- we who remember vividly the days when saying God damn it would earn you a demerit in Sister Winterss moral values class instead of sending your pieces to hell in about fourteen different handbaskets. Thats where it all started for me, actually, in Sister Winterss class. Arthur was there, too... God damn it That hurts We were 13, Arthur and I, and still he hadnt learned not to take the Lords name in vain in front of a hardcore nun like Sister Winters. The phrase tough-as-nails didnt even begin to describe her. Once, she punched poor Shelly Hurston in the throat because she saw what she described as a suspiciously sinful-looking bruise there. Sister Winterss Amazing Hickey Cure is what we called it in fact, it was just a sixty-three-year-old-womans-fist-sized bruise smashed on t op of the first one. That was when we were 11, and Shelly still couldnt turn her head too far to the left on this day. But what was she going to do about it? Her parents had called in political favors all the way up to the Archdeacon of Schools, and they werent about to raise a fuss and risk losing the scholarship they had weaseled out of the system for her. But, anyway, Arthur had felt responsible for Shelly ever since, mainly because he had been the generous provider of the sinful-looking bruise. Shelly had never tattled on him, either, which, in those days, was grounds enough for us to consider them a couple.

Salvation on Sand Mountain by Dennis Covington Essay -- Religion, Spir

Dennis Covington writes about a unique method of worshipsnake handling, in his memoir, Salvation on Sand Mountain. He begins as a journalist, looking in on this foreign way of life however, as time progresses he increasing starts to feeling a tell of this lifestyle. As a result loses his journalistic approach, resulting in his memoir, detailing his own spiritual journey. Upon the conclusion of his stay in this world, Covington realizes the signifi dismissce of this journey, and argues in his memoir that we cannot exclusively know ourselves until we step outside of our comfort zone and separate ourselves from our norm. It is almost as if Covington was in a dream or some sort of turn throughout this whole experience. He begins as a journalist covering an eccentric trial. Instead of leaving this world after the conclusion of the trial, he is intrigues and uses journalism to get a closer look and this unfamiliar practice. He becomes intoxicated with this fascination causing him to forget his initial intentions as a writer, and begins to act and feel as if he is one of them. It is only until he disagrees with the way they feel about women, Covington is forced to wake up from his dream and come back to life, finally realizing he this is not where he belongs or wants to be. The author says, I think he knew what he was doing in releasing me back to the wider world (236). Covington says, It was as though nothing has happened, but of course everything had. I knew it could never be the same with the handlers. I had found my people. But I had also discovered that I couldnt be one of them, after all. Knowing where you come from is one thing, but its suicide to stay there (236). Everybody at that moment knew that his prescribed time... ...ife, and he does not want to end up like them. He says, Its sad, in a way. I wish I could assure the Porter and the McGlocklins and all the others that we can be friends as long as we like, but that I wont be taking up serpen ts anymore. I refuse to be a witness to suicide, particularly my own. I have two daughters to raise, and a vocation in the world (238). He finally acknowledges his place in the world, is ready and cheerful to fulfill his calling.It is evident that the author Covington has a strong ethos, which he uses to convey his argument to his readers. His argument becomes clear only at the end of the memoir, which is intentional readers had to obtain the entirety of his journey in order to fully understand his underlying message. The author successfully conveys the message of self-purpose through his own struggles and experiences written in his memoir.

gatdream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - The American Dream :: Great Gatsby Essays

The the Statesn Dream The American Dream was the philosophy that brought people to America and to start a brisk life in a strange, foreign land. Due to this dream, it was believed that America was the land of opportunity, wealth, and prosperity. The dream consists of three components all(prenominal) men be equal, man can impudence and should help his fellow man, and the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is a condemnation of American Society and focuses on its downfall. This holds uncoiled for three of the main characters in the novel, Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, and Daisy Buchanan.To reach his exalted dream of spending his life with Daisy, Jay Gatsby attains his millions in a corrupt modal value which help him to flip emotions, and tries to cover it up with lies throughout the novel. In order to get abstruse, Gatsby engaged in illegal occupations such as bootlegging and being involved in the Mafia. He and this Wolfsheim b ought and sold grain alcohol over the counter. (Fitzgerald 134). This is the gelid idea of the American Dream, which states that only the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. Gatsby also lies his way through life to conceal his wrongdoing. Gatsby claims that he belongs to a rich family whom provides his way to Oxford and from whom he inherits his riches. I am the son of some wealthy people in the Middle West-all dead now. (Fitzgerald 65). Only later on in the novel, does Nick uncover the truth that his parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people... (Fitzgerald 99). Gatsby also relies on coin to bring him the comfort of family. Gatsbys musicians sing, The rich get richer and the piteous get-children. (Fitzgerald 96). He attempts to reclaim the loss of family that he experiences through his wealth. Nick describes a story almost how Gatsby, agreed to pay five years taxes on all the neighboring cottages if the owners would have their roofs thatched with straw. Perha ps their refusal took the heart out of his plan to Found a Family... (Fitzgerald 89). Gatsby takes good of wealth to solve his problems.Members of the upper class such as Tom Buchanan, sacrifice morals and righteousness in order to gain wealth. Tom Buchanan is a man from a wealthy family, yet to Nick he seems to have lost virtue and kindness.gatdream F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Great Gatsby EssaysThe American Dream The American Dream was the philosophy that brought people to America and to start a new life in a strange, foreign land. Due to this dream, it was believed that America was the land of opportunity, wealth, and prosperity. The dream consists of three components all men are equal, man can trust and should help his fellow man, and the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is a condemnation of American Society and focuses on its downfall. This holds true for three of the main characters in the novel, Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, and Daisy Buchanan.To reach his ideal dream of spending his life with Daisy, Jay Gatsby attains his millions in a corrupt way which help him to replace emotions, and tries to cover it up with lies throughout the novel. In order to become rich, Gatsby engaged in illegal occupations such as bootlegging and being involved in the Mafia. He and this Wolfsheim bought and sold grain alcohol over the counter. (Fitzgerald 134). This is the opposite idea of the American Dream, which states that only the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. Gatsby also lies his way through life to conceal his wrongdoing. Gatsby claims that he belongs to a rich family whom provides his way to Oxford and from whom he inherits his riches. I am the son of some wealthy people in the Middle West-all dead now. (Fitzgerald 65). Only later on in the novel, does Nick uncover the truth that his parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people... (Fitzgerald 99). Gatsby al so relies on money to bring him the comfort of family. Gatsbys musicians sing, The rich get richer and the poor get-children. (Fitzgerald 96). He attempts to reclaim the loss of family that he experiences through his wealth. Nick describes a story about how Gatsby, agreed to pay five years taxes on all the neighboring cottages if the owners would have their roofs thatched with straw. Perhaps their refusal took the heart out of his plan to Found a Family... (Fitzgerald 89). Gatsby takes advantage of wealth to solve his problems.Members of the upper class such as Tom Buchanan, sacrifice morals and righteousness in order to gain wealth. Tom Buchanan is a man from a wealthy family, yet to Nick he seems to have lost virtue and kindness.

gatdream F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - The American Dream :: Great Gatsby Essays

The American Dream The American Dream was the philosophy that brought plenty to America and to start a new sprightliness in a strange, foreign land. Due to this dream, it was believed that America was the land of opportunity, wealth, and prosperity. The dream consists of three components all custody are equal, man can trust and should help his bronco buster man, and the good, virtuous and onerous working are rewarded. F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The slap-up Gatsby is a abomination of American Society and focuses on its downfall. This holds true for three of the main(prenominal) characters in the novel, Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, and Daisy Buchanan.To reach his ideal dream of spending his life with Daisy, Jay Gatsby attains his millions in a corrupt way which help him to replace emotions, and tries to cover it up with lies through with(predicate) come out of the closet the novel. In order to become rich, Gatsby engaged in illegal occupations such as bootlegging and being involved in the Mafia. He and this Wolfsheim bought and change grain alcohol over the counter. (Fitzgerald 134). This is the opposite idea of the American Dream, which states that only the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. Gatsby also lies his way through life to conceal his wrongdoing. Gatsby claims that he belongs to a rich family whom provides his way to Oxford and from whom he inherits his riches. I am the give-and-take of some wealthy people in the Middle West-all murdered now. (Fitzgerald 65). Only later on in the novel, does Nick uncover the truth that his parents were shiftless and undone farm people... (Fitzgerald 99). Gatsby also relies on money to bring him the informality of family. Gatsbys musicians sing, The rich get richer and the poor get-children. (Fitzgerald 96). He attempts to reclaim the loss of family that he experiences through his wealth. Nick describes a story about how Gatsby, agreed to stick out five years taxes on all the neighboring cottages if the owners would have their roofs thatched with straw. Perhaps their refusal took the heart out of his plan to Found a Family... (Fitzgerald 89). Gatsby takes advantage of wealth to operate his problems.Members of the upper class such as Tom Buchanan, sacrifice morals and righteousness in order to gain wealth. Tom Buchanan is a man from a wealthy family, yet to Nick he seems to have lost virtue and kindness.gatdream F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby - The American Dream Great Gatsby EssaysThe American Dream The American Dream was the philosophy that brought people to America and to start a new life in a strange, foreign land. Due to this dream, it was believed that America was the land of opportunity, wealth, and prosperity. The dream consists of three components all men are equal, man can trust and should help his fellow man, and the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel The Great Gatsby is a condemnation of American Society and focuses o n its downfall. This holds true for three of the main characters in the novel, Jay Gatsby, Tom Buchanan, and Daisy Buchanan.To reach his ideal dream of spending his life with Daisy, Jay Gatsby attains his millions in a corrupt way which help him to replace emotions, and tries to cover it up with lies throughout the novel. In order to become rich, Gatsby engaged in illegal occupations such as bootlegging and being involved in the Mafia. He and this Wolfsheim bought and sold grain alcohol over the counter. (Fitzgerald 134). This is the opposite idea of the American Dream, which states that only the good, virtuous and hard working are rewarded. Gatsby also lies his way through life to conceal his wrongdoing. Gatsby claims that he belongs to a rich family whom provides his way to Oxford and from whom he inherits his riches. I am the son of some wealthy people in the Middle West-all dead now. (Fitzgerald 65). Only later on in the novel, does Nick uncover the truth that his parents were s hiftless and unsuccessful farm people... (Fitzgerald 99). Gatsby also relies on money to bring him the comfort of family. Gatsbys musicians sing, The rich get richer and the poor get-children. (Fitzgerald 96). He attempts to reclaim the loss of family that he experiences through his wealth. Nick describes a story about how Gatsby, agreed to pay five years taxes on all the neighboring cottages if the owners would have their roofs thatched with straw. Perhaps their refusal took the heart out of his plan to Found a Family... (Fitzgerald 89). Gatsby takes advantage of wealth to solve his problems.Members of the upper class such as Tom Buchanan, sacrifice morals and righteousness in order to gain wealth. Tom Buchanan is a man from a wealthy family, yet to Nick he seems to have lost virtue and kindness.

The great mortality

While in that location is much that is non known about the majuscule pestilence which struck Europe most savagely in 1348 to 1350, this much can be said in all of human history, there has never been a most annihilative event. The modern analysis of surviving records indicates that the mortality rate throughout Europe averaged at least 50 percent. In the course of study of three years, one of every two human beings died, victims of a set upon for which there was no effective remedy.In most communities, the pestilence struck and killed within a few months while sweeping on to other communities, making the impact of the staggering death toll all the to a greater extent devastating. . A good fill has been written about this pestilence, and John Aberth makes an admirable contribution with his small adjudge, The Black Death The Great Mortality of 1348-1350 A Brief History with Documents. Most of this book is documents from the period of the great pestilence, and these give insight into the suffering that swept across Europe during this period.When Aberth does interject comments, his observations atomic number 18 brief but thoroughly prescient. One of Aberths finest pieces is his comment on one of the great mysteries of the disease which destroyed so much of Europe. (Aberth 23-27) We do not know what it was. As Aberth notes, the term now unremarkably used for this disease, the Black Death, was not used by contemporaries. It was first coined in the sixteenth century. (Aberth 1) The modern reason for describing this disease as an out expire of the Bubonic gadfly is the outbreak of a similar, if much less devastating pestilence in Asia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.(Aberth 1, 23 Herlihy 20-21) During that canker, microbiologists isolated a bacterium as the cause of the outbreak, and given the similarity of symptoms, historians posit that the pestilence that devastated Europe in 1348 to 1350 was a variety of the same plague. (Aberth 23-25) Aberth does a fine origin of reviewing the strengths and the weaknesses of the modern discussion, including issues about the temperature at which plague-bearing fleas flourish (Aberth 25-26), and also the strengths and weaknesses of his medieval sources (Aberth 24-27) .After all, knowing nothing of bacteriology and painfully little about the behavior of fleas and rats, medieval chroniclers were could hardly count on what modern scientists would like to know about the details of the disease their forebears encountered. As Aberth concludes, there are several problems with the conclusion that the pestilence of 1348 was the bubonic plague, but there are even greater difficulties with any alternative explanation that has been offered. (Aberth 26-27)Part of the difficulty with the notion that the pestilence was the bubonic plague lies with the fact that the flea which comm except carries the plague bacillus prefers to inhabit rats rather than humans, and will abandon the rat only when it dies of the plague and its body begins to cool. (ABerth 25-26 Herlihy 21-23) Reflecting this fact, modern outbreaks of the bubonic plague have been marked by the general death of rats. Albert Camus mentions this occurrence as the first sign of the arrival of the pestilence in his novel, The Plague.While some medieval sources do mention the widespread death of rats, it is not widely mentioned. However, the failure of these sources to mention a particular occurrence is questionable evidence from which to argue that something did not occur. For a wide variety of reasons, medieval chroniclers may not have connected the death of rats with the outbreak of the plague. Aberth also mentions that fleas can hide for long periods of time in grain, one of the items frequently carried along the routes which the plague followed.(Aberth 25-27 Ziegler 16, Horrax 7-8), another(prenominal) difficulty which modern scholars have encountered is that the symptoms of the plague as described in the me dieval documents do not match closely the symptoms storied in early twentieth century victims of the plague. Here Aberth shows his understanding of the complex scientific literature in the field, noting that plague bacillus has been shown to have a remarkable substance for mutation, so that it is quite possible that what swept through Europe wasa in particular virulent mutation of the plague, a strain causing symptom somewhat unlike from those encountered in modern pandemics. (Aberth 26) The effects of the plague have been debated almost since they first occurred. Some historians contend that, especially in England, the plague so reduced that chip of available laborers as to raise their standard of living as employers had to compete for their services.Here again, Aberth outdoes many other writers, by showing that variety and complexity of the scotch responses to the devastating loss of population. In some areas, such as Egypt, the plague seems to have caused comparatively littl e change in economic relationships. (Aberth 67-70) In England, as noted, the check off of the lower classes gradually improved, and eventually, the true feudal system of serfs bond to the land fell away under the strain of the economic forces unleashed by the shift in the population.Aberth also acknowledges that the plague prompted many labor-saving inventions which helped improve the lot of the common folk, but adds a very sound admonition any social or economic gain that cost the lives of half of the continents population must be hailed with considerable caution. (Aberth 68-70) In this analysis, Aberth again shows a good deal more subtlety and sophistication than many other historians who have tried to view the effects of the plague along more straightforward, if somewhat simplistic lines.In one of the noted revisionist essays, David Herlihy, for example, contended that Europe prior to the plague had reached a Malthusian breaking point the population had expanded to the point whe re it was exhausting food production, and its continued geometric refinement versus the arithmetic expansion of the food supply had created a crisis. By greatly reducing the population, the plague alleviated this crisis while stimulating a wide ambit of inventions which eventually made much great food production possible.(Herlihy 31-39, 46-57) While not dismissing this interpretation, Aberth shows that it cannot explain the economic and social developments that occurred throughout Europe. These developments were sufficiently varied that no single theory can consistently bind them all together. (Aberth 69-70 Zeigler 203-09) While economic developments in the wake of the plague might be classified as rational responses to the pestilence, Aberth allows dwells on the hysterical responses, which took two primary forms pogroms against the Jews and the flagellants.These two phenomena sometimes were related, as the flagellants blamed Jews for the outbreak of the plague, but also thinks t he phenomena occurring separately. The flagellants marked a particularly strange form of hysteria, organizing themselves into bands of zealots who carried the mortification of the flesh to gruesome lengths. With their belief that they alone had found the way to satisfy a wrathful God, they represented a break with the authority of the Catholic Church, something that led to their excommunication and their suppression by both religious and secular authorities.(Aberth 117-20Zeigler 62-81) In a brief final chapter, Aberth considers how the plague change the European conception of death. Here he notes some of the artistic changes that came about in the wake of th plague, including the appearance of transi graves, which he describes as a athletics on tomb monuments by substituting or contrasting a skeletal and rotting cadaver to the idealized life-like portrait of the patron. (Aberth 169) One example of this is the tomb of Francois de la Sarra, on which the arms crossed over the chest a re covered with worms and four frogs or toads sit on the face, covering the mouth and eyes. (Aberth 166, doc. 44) Another curious document that he presents is the Disputacioun betwyx the Body and Wormes, in which a noblewomans body argues with the worms that gnaw away the flesh after her death. (Aberth 176-78, doc. 46) The great majority of this book is made up of documentary selections, and Aberth has chosen his sources well.His introductory comments show the significance of each document, . and he notes grimly that many of those who tried to chronicle the plague fell victim to its ravages. He also shows the sad state of knowledge, in which the great medical examination faculty of the University of Paris, considered one of the leading centers of learning in its day, could find no better cause for the plague than the conjunction of the planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars in Aquarius in 1345.(Aberth 41-42) While many authorities, Christian and Muslim, agreed that the plague was highl y contagious, medical science was several hundred years from advancing any theory which would explain contagion in any credible way, and even farther from effecting a cure. The contradictory advice, the irrelevance of many proposed cures, and the gruesome stress on blood-letting show the sad state of medical knowledge at that time. (Aberth 45-66) Perhaps the grimmest aspect of these documents are the many comments showing the collapse of hope and human compassion during this terrible disease.Time and again, there is the repeated refrain of abandonment. With the disease almost invariably fatal, once a person was stricken, relatives and acquaintance would flee rather than risk being afflicted. Over and over, the documents reflect this in a litany of abandonment, (Aberth 33-34,54, 76) There has been no later pandemic on the order of the pestilence of 1348 to 1350. By comparison, deaths due to AIDS/HIV would have to increase more than a thousandfold to equal the slaughter that the plagu e inflicted.One can only hope that no such pandemic recurs. SOURCES USED Aberth, John. The Black Death the Great Mortality of 1348-1350 (New York, New York Palgrave McMillion, 2005). Camus, Albert. The Plague. (New York, New York Vintage Books 1991). Herlihy, David. The Black Death and the innovation of the West. (Cambridge, Massachusetts,L Harvard University Press, 1997). Horraxs, Rosemary. The Black Death (Manchester England Manchester University Press, 1994). Ziegler, Philip. The Black Death. (Thrupp, Gloucestershire, England Sutton Publishing 1969).

Highschool Dropouts

Vanessa Siegning Professor Dutterer EGL 1010 March 19, 2013 High School Drop appears Going to inculcate has always been seen as one of the most authorised occupations in our life. All categories of ages can go to tutor kids, young citizenry and even adults. School is defined as a place where people beget an education. By going to naturalize, people can acquire knowledge and skill that ar not only important for the society but also for them. However, acquiring by of the educative system has run a big phenonem nowa daylights. It mostly affects students from senior high school school. They usu bothy get out of school without earning at least a High School Diploma.Isnt too early for those young students to drop out of school? The answer is that sometimes, they have problems that make them get out of school. go dropping out of high school is due to problems such as the financial situation, the family circumstance faced by students, and their difficulty to get adapted to the sch ool system, it also produces effects such as the limited access to jobs, the exposition to juvenile delinquency and the lack of education. The major cause that motivates students to get out of high school is the financial situation of their p argonnts.Not all students come from a rich family. Because of a lack of money, some parents cannot afford their childrens need such as school supplies, transportation or nutrition. Regularly, they just have a low rate job or maybe they are on the status of unemployment. It becomes undoable to take care of their family and even themselves. Poverty is a better word to describe their financial situation. Its automatically clear that a student who lives in such conditions will drop out of school and will try to find a job in order to get some money.Additionally, some students from high school have a lot of difficulties to get adapted to the school system. To provide a better education, schools are always established on a strict system that imposes students to follow some rules in order to get satisfactory results. For example, the school system requires students to be present every day of class and on time, to do their homework and to study or to make research. However, some students find that difficult and unattractive. They do not feel motivated or interested for school. As a result, they fail in class.As long as they get bad grades in class, they always keep in mind that they are wasting their time by going to school. Therefore, the only possibility available for them now is to drop out of school. Another point that causes young students to get out of school is their family circumstance. The majority of high school students are adolescents. We all know that adolescents are sensible, so they are most of the time affected by their family condition. In a family where parents are always fighting or arguing, it gets obvious that students wont concentrate in their education.Generally, parents who are in trouble in their twain cannot focus whatevermore on their childrens education. This could lead students to fail in class, and then drop out of school. The same thing applies on a family where parents are separated or divorced. It cannot be easy for single parents to take care of their children furthermore, to pay attention to their school work. This means children are neglected as good as their education. Its certain that when students get out of high school, they have significant causes, but this situation of course generate many effects.First of all, non-graduated high school students have limited access to jobs opportunities. Even when they get one, its a low pay job. Knowledge, skill and ability are the first qualities that attract all employers. To stabilize or to develop their society, employers need help from qualified people. The better way to get knowledge is to go to school. The more someone goes to school, the more he earns knowledge. Secondly, when adolescents drop out of high school, they a re likely exposed to juvenile delinquency. They dont go to school anymore, so they have enough pardon time.Habitually, they have nothing to do, and they spend their time by staying in the street with friends. During this period, they might get involved into bad things such as crime, violence and vandalism. Actually, they become a danger for the society. Some of them run away from their family and turn to become homeless. Finally, students who drop out of high school are not educated enough. When people stop going to school early, they dont have a possibility to be educated enough. They dont behave correctly and they are not instructed.They cannot debate correctly like people who go to school. Sometimes, those people cannot even speak and write well. For example, its impossible for an illiterate person to upset some pertinent ideas on a subject concerning the development of a country. They dont have an ability to think enough. In conclusion, high school dropouts are due to many cau ses such as the financial situation, the family circumstance and the difficulty of students to get adapted to the school system however, that situation produces long precondition effects.While some students stop going to school because of a lack of money and because of their family condition, some of them are just lazy. They dont want to provide any efforts. As consequences, they have a limited access to jobs, they are exposed to the juvenile delinquency and they are not educated enough. To avoid students of dropping out of school, the government can help parents by providing school supplies to their children.

Evolution of Bipedality in Humans Essay

Bipedalism is a capacity, mostly associated to kinds, to use two legs in affect. Its p bentage has been given importance and served as a topic of long debate among experts due to the possibility that this form of locomotion gave way for the development of modern human characteristics. Thus, a lot of theories were proposed and established in order to provide the logical explanation on its origin and development. The burden of dealing with this classical issue lies on the fact that locomotion is an activity that foundation not be fossilized.However, the Australopithecus af arensis fossils, the earliest hominid from Ethiopia and Tanzania, were found to live 3 million years afterwards the appearance of hominid lineage slightly 6. 5 million years ago (Bipedalism, 2000). These fossils in a way may serve as state not only of bipedal locomotion but in any case hominid dental characteristics similar to apes. Bipedalism enabled humanoids to create tools used for the sustenance and de fense of life and is as well observed in other animal species (Dhingra and Jablonski, 2004).This trait is commonly attributed as a product of evolution for it coincided with the physiological development of the human brains. As such, bipedal locomotion has gone a very long and different history within animal kingdom. Bipedal Locomotion benevolent locomotion is described as a smooth flow of a series of actions including swing and stance phases (Bipedalism, 2000). In the swing phase, one leg shoves off through the toe and then swings in slightly flexed position. As the foot creates contact on the ground through the heel, the leg becomes and remains extended to support the body.Then, as the leg moves in the swing phase, the body moves in the stance phase. On the other hand, chimpanzees are not capable of extending their knee-joints for a straight leg in the stance phase. They utilize muscular power to support their bodies while their leg flexed gait denotes lack of toe off and heel strike in the swing phase. The human anatomic structure is fully developed for terrestrial locomotion while chimpanzee anatomy is adapted for climbing and knuckle walking (Bipedalism, 2000).Human anatomical adaptations admit extensive and curved lower spine, a shorter and broader pelvis, a longer lower limbs and enlarged joint surface areas. In the swing phase, the pitch of the body is shifted to the backup leg while the balance is maintained at the unsupported side in the stance phase through contraction of gluteal abductor muscles in the hip. In chimpanzees, the gluteal abductors are not fully developed and their thigh bones do not slope inwards as in humans.Their feet are normally a little bit apart and in walking, they tend to shift their upper bodies from side to side so as to transfer the weight on each leg. It is a fact then that chimpanzees and gibbons can move through bipedal locomotion. Thus, as viewed by anthropologists, bipedalism is a hominid distinct accommodativ e capability (Bipedalism, 2000). Humanoids spend less dexterity through bipedalism than quadrupedism because at a normal walking speed, the legs in a forward motion swing same pendulum then bringing back the forward momentum by slowing the swing foot before the fall (Hawks, 2005).Hence, this requires less muscular activity and energy than knuckle-walking. Moreover, bipedalism raises the head which gives a sharp range vision around the environment and making hands available for carrying tools, food items or other works. However, for former(a) humanoids, bipedalism can offer disadvantages (Hawks, 2005). Without the ability to grasp through feet makes them unsecured from their predators. The loss of grasping foot made difficult for the beforehand(predicate) humanoids to climb through tress and consort predators, and for their young in clinging to their parents.Researches Findings Biologist and anthropologists have debated over bipedalism and proposed different hypotheses for possib le explanation. However, these theories have their respective strengths and weaknesses on the plausible understanding(a) with bipedal locomotion. Most of these theories correlative bipedalism to the animal species ventures on the savannah areas and was supported by the discovery of Lucy, a 3. 5 feet humanoid (Johanson, n. d. ). Standing up in savannah gives stunted humanoids a vigilant view on possible threat from their predators.Standing up in reaching out for foods is another possible explanation. In addition, an honorable perambulator may also help our ancestors in cooling their bodies against the sultry environment. In the postural sustenance hypothesis of Hunt (1994), bipedalism has evolved from the early habitual bipedal locomotion of humanoids due to arboreal food gathering. The behaviour of chimpanzees and the anatomical structures of australopithecine conformed to this ecological model. Eighty percent of bipedal locomotion in chimpanzee was observed during feeding with arm-hanging stabilizing the posture.In addition, the upper body anatomical structures of australopithecines were ascribed to arboreal bipedal fruit gathering adaptation. The behavioural model of Lovejoy (1981), on the other hand, attributed bipedalism to the social, sexual and productive behaviours of early humanoids. Their sexual characteristics and anatomical structures were believed to be an implication of monogamous mating. This sexual attitude led to provisioning behaviour of the humanoid male species wherein their upper limbs were used in good-looking food stuffs to their mates.Even Charles Darwin constructed a model in providing a logical explanation for humanoid origin and bipedalism. He postulated that bipedalism resulted from the terrestrial adaptation of four-footed species and the necessity for subsistence, required to giving freedom for hands to accommodate other activities such as making tools for food hunting (Hawks, 2005). Aside from this, he also assumed that the habitat change from woodland to savannah paved the way for the less importance of climbing.Then, other researchers augmented Darwins assumptions by elaborating that living in savannah made early humanoids to be vigilant over tall grasses and adapt in its sultry condition (Hawks, 2005). Thus, bipedalism provided them means for adjustments at these conditions by standing up leading to less sun exposure of the body. This model became the savannah model or killer-ape hypothesis. The aquatic theory and the theory on the use of tools are deemed to offer unreliable explanation (Johanson, n. d. ). Most of the time, primates avoid water due to ferocious predators. On the other hand, stone tools only appear around 2.6 million years ago as contrasted with the 4. 2 million year-evidence of bipedal locomotion. According to Johanson (n. d. ), it is much better for the theorists to look not into the reason for the upright posture of our ancestors but rather on the advantages for the early humanoi ds that resulted to a behavioral change from quadrupedalism to bipedalism. Videan (2002) tested the different hypotheses for bipedalism (cited in Dhingra and Jablonski, 2004). The Carry Hypothesis described bipedalism as an adaptive means in the exploration of natural resources while carrying children, tools or foodstuffs.The Forage Hypothesis viewed it as a means towards the food gathering facilitation. Also, the spirit that bipedalism gives animal species a sharp sense of sight in order to find good habitats prey or escape from a predator is called as Vigilance Hypothesis. Display Hypothesis on the other hand, explained bipedalism as a gesture of threat for animal species. Based on the result of this study, Videan (2002) successfully correlative Carry, Vigilance, and Forage Hypotheses towards environmental adaptation of animal species.Nevertheless, the Display Hypothesis gave explanation for the sexual attraction among animal species. Dhingra and Jablonski (2004) scrutinized the bipedalism in several animal species like lizards, birds, kangaroos, and dinosaurs. They think that bipedalism resulted from animals natural attempt to adapt to their changing environment such as in escaping from predators or catching a prey, and in giving way to bodily parts for other functions like the forelimbs in humanoids for feeding and wings of the birds for flying.According to Stanford (2006), arboreal bipedal gait is different from arboreal quadrupedal stance for he observed that while feeding in tree crowns, Bwindi chimpanzees changed smoothly from four-legged to three-legged and even two-legged posture. This shift may have occurred in early humanoids. Modern gorillas are terrestrially adapted but based on observations even adult male gorillas climb into tall trees for food. Thus, it is also possible for early humanoids to adapt a variety of bipedalism based on their ecological conditions.More than this, few evidences speak for terrestrial adaptation of modern chimpanzee s considering the fact that they used to travel primarily on the ground and stay on trees only for sleeping or feeding purposes. These observations may denote the possibility of behavioral plasticity and arboreality in early humanoids. Based on the review conducted by Richmond, Begun, and Strait (2001), about the different studies on bipedalism, humans evolved from knuckle-walking and climbing ancestor as portrayed by evidences.These include terrestrial characteristics in the hands and feet, climbing skeletal structure, and knuckle-walking attributes in the wrist and hands. These features narrowed down the list of theories concerning bipedalism. Evidences from the paleobiology and paleoenvironments weakened the postulates based on monogamous social structure and open savanna-based bipedalism hypotheses. Rather, they suggested giving more importance on hypotheses based on food acquisition and carriage and a stocky anatomical examination on the extant anthropoid behaviors. Conclusion No single factor may completely explain the origin of bipedalism. Perhaps the commixture of the factors considered in each theory that are deemed to be valid may provide much reliable reason for bipedal locomotion. The lack of complete companionship on the anatomical structure of the early humanoids is a great burden in gaining a complete understanding on the origin of this locomotion (Hawks, 2005). Perhaps, a simple way of explaining bipedalism is that bipedal locomotion evolved as a result from the changes in the environment or social structure that is due to the availability of dietary resources to sustain life.It is hypothesized that in the late Miocene period, hominid food sources dispersed in some areas which forced hominids to travel, thus, led to the development of locomotion anatomical structures (Bipedalism, 2000).References Bipedalism.Human Evolution. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http//www. stanford. edu/harryg/saved/chp15. htm Dhingra, P. and Jabslonski. (2004). Co mparative Bipedalism how the rest of the animal kingdom walks on two legs. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http//www. philosophistry. com/static/bipedalism. html Hawks, J. (2005). Why be bipedal?Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http//johnhawks. net/weblog/topics/bipedalism/why_be_bipedal. html Hunt, K. D. (1994). The Evolution of Human Bipedality. Journal of Human Evolution, 26, 183-202. Johanson, D. (n. d. ). What the Evidence Suggests. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from http//www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/allfours/bipe-johanson. html Lovejoy, C. O. (1981). The Origins of Man. Science, 211, 341-348. Richmon, B. G. , Begun, D. R. , and Strait D. S. (2001). Origin of Human Bipedalism The Knuckle-Walking Hypothesis Revisited. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 44, 70-105.

To What Extent And Why Did German Nationalism Change Between 1789 And 1840?

German nationalism did change between 1789 and 1840, regarding their aims, characteristics and demographics, provided only to some extent. The changes and continuation of nationalism were essentially affected by the international context of use and the domestic factors which both stimulated and stagnated German nationalism throughout the plosive. Although the nationalists may have non achieved their ultimate aim for semipolitical unity by 1840, the events during this period had indeed strengthened the ethnic well.The aims of the nationalists did change, but the change and continuity depended on the domestic situation and were influenced by the international context. The initial aim of the nationalists was to have heathen unity and the idea of a grossdeutcheland. They hoped to achieve a German identity through sharing the same language and taste in art, literature and music. The nationalists were shake by the words of Hegel and his idea of the volksgeist and Fichtes principle of German superiority and the fatherland.The desire for pagan unity re importanted and continued from 1789, as sown in the Wartburg Festival in 1817 where they created the German Lutzow Freikorps flag, and this was also carried out in the Hambach festival 1932. Moreover, the location of it being the refuge of Martin Luther is significant and to the nationalists, it gives a historic foundation to Germany. Although cultural unity wasnt the main aim later on, the events of the Battle of Leipzig 1813 and particularly the Rhine Crisis in 1840, did inadvertently deepen the cultural well.The fact that Theirs claimed that the Rhineland, which became a historical ground for the Germans after the war of liberation, was Frances lifelike border, intensified the cultural well. The Rhine crisis attacked the nationalists culture and historic past, and thus led to the Rhine song movement. Beckers popular poem became acquirable for everyone to read, and this widespread ness strengthened the cult ural unity. and so the international factors didnt change their aim for cultural unity, but helped enhance it.Another fundamental aim of the German nationalists is to have political unity in the Deutsche Bund by amending the body structure of the Bund constitution. They desire a constitution in each evince, and although this exists in Bavaria, Wurttemberg and Baden, the main states Prussia and Austria do not adopt this system. The formation of the Deutsche Bund (German Confederation) in 1815 after the War of going made the nationalists against the Bund and its system because it was reactionary.This sparked ideas about liberalism and wanting a constitution, and this began to be denotative in the Wartburg Festival in 1817 where they burnt effigies and created manifestos. Before the creation of the Bund the nationalists didnt want political unity, and the freikorps were fighting for their nation. However, the creation of the bund had changed their aims into wanting political unity . Nevertheless, the nationalists were restricted from achieving their aim, because they were being repressed by the Carlsbad decrees 1819 created by the Bund in result of Wartburg.This meant that the nationalists could not openly attack the Bund, had no rights of association and were prevented from writing manifestos. They were further repressed by the 6 Acts 1834 in response to Hambach, and so this repression prevented the nationalists from changing and trying to achieve their aims. accordingly the political context restricted the nationalists and so there was a decade of no change. However, it wasnt until the Rhine crisis which allowed the nationalists to express themselves more than since the Bund appeased them and allowed Beckers popular poem to be published in every newspaper, available to all.This to some was seen as a turning point or a big change as the Bund was supporting the nationalists to some extent, but only because the nationalists were not against the Bund. This co uld suggest that although the nationalists didnt manage to make changes to the political system, they did change and improve the relationship between them and the Bund. Thus, the political context did stagnate and restrict the nationalist movement in terms of their aims, but it did help them achieve cultural unity. The characteristics of the nationalists indeed changed from 1879- 1840.The French Revolution in 1789 inspired the nationalists into having liberal ideas, which the Bund were reactionary to. This reactionary and conservative system made the nationalists anti-establishment, since they rejected the French ideas of having constitutions, freedom of speech and press and rights to vote. This liberalism was shown in both Wartburg and Hambach where they created their manifesto of demands to reform the government, and this anti- establishment continued throughout this period. It can be said that theRhine Crisis proves there to be a relationship formed with the nationalists and the Bund since Metternich sympathised the nationalists, they still remained anti-establishment. Although the nationalists were inspired by French ideas, they were always hostile to France. This was because of the constant intervention and rejoicing of France, with the Treaty of Tilsit 1807 on Prussia after Battle of Jena and Auerstedt, and in particular the War of Liberation 1815 which was fought on the Rhineland, and finally the Rhine Crisis 1840.France has always remained a national enemy in the eyes of both the Bund and the nationalists, and this hostility intensifies particularly in 1840 when Theirs claims the Rhineland is Frances natural borders and sends troops there. Hence France is a key factor to why the characteristics of the nationalists have stayed the same and changed. one(a) key change however is the behaviour and method of the nationalists. As a result of the repression from the Carlsbad decrees 1819 and the 6 Acts 1834, the nationalists were very limited and restricted as they couldnt express their demands openly, as there was strict censorship.Thus this lead to romanticism, where underlying political messages were hidden in art literature and music. Frances interference in the Rhine Crisis influenced the Rhine song movement , as since the nationalists were under censorship, they expressed themselves romantically. Thus, the characteristics and behaviour of the nationalists did change through romanticism, but their ideas of anti-establishment and hostility to France continued, and all were effected by France and the political context.In hindsight, the demographics of the nationalist movement may seem to grow and go bad widespread, but in reality it essentially stayed the same. The nationalists primarily consisted of heart-class educated bourgeoisie students and lecturers who were referred to as the burschenschaft. There were only 1,000 burschenschaft out of 10,000 students in the German Confederation, and so the initial scale of how many nation alists there were is very small compared to the general size of the population.During the War of Liberation, only 12% of those who fought were freikorps who fought for the German nation, whilst the others were conscripted soldiers fighting only for their monarchy. Hence this proves that the demographics in the beginning was very small, and so nationalism was not very known or popular. The nationalists hoped to gain more supporters by having discussion circles and gymnastic societies. Nonetheless, in the Wartburg festival, merely 500 burschenschaft members attended, again showing how not many people shared the same nationalist ideas.Perhaps this was because of the disorganisation of the Wartburg festival, as the burschenschaft did not productively state what they want to do, but rather complained about the current Bund, making it difficult for others to understand their true aims. In contrast to Hambach 1832 however, there was a big affix in attendance of 20-30,000 people. This was seen to be the most popular political festival. Conversely, a lot of the people who attended were peasants who were most likely there to sell nutriment for their own economic reasons, not for the political side to it.Also, although Hambach seemed to be more organised than Wartburg, only the literates could understand and read the invitations, and so again it seems that only the educated middle class burschenschaft were exposed to the political agenda, not the illiterates who made up almost most of the population. Again, it wasnt until the Rhine crisis did the demographics change a little. The fact that an average, unknown court work wrote the poem in September 1840, makes it more relatable to the public which is why it was widespread.The Bund allowed the poem to be published in every German newspaper, which also means that more people were becoming literate and so there was more support and ideas spread faster across the regions. This could have affected the demographics, in incre asing but not as much since it was still lead by the middle class burschenschaft. What limits the nationalists into achieving their aims is that they have no clear leader, and so perhaps if there was one, the ideas could run short more widespread, hence once step further to achieving their aims.The demographics does in essence stay the same throughout the period, it being the very few educated middle class. In conclusion, German Nationalism did change in terms of their romantic behaviour and political and cultural aims, and the key factors to why these changes occurred was mainly the influence of France, and the political changes within the Bund. Yet, their ideas and characteristics of being hostile to France and remaining antiestablishment and the small scale of demographics continued to stay the same from 1789-1840 because of the repression in result of censorship, and again French intervening.It seems that throughout this period, a pattern has emerged where the nationalists crea te a festival or event, which leads to repression and a decade of censorship. This repression lead to the change in behaviour, where they expressed their ideas through romanticism building their cultural well and then Frances influence leads to the cycle occurring again. However, we cannot ignore the fact that, although the nationalists may have not achieved their political aims, the events through this period has definitely built upon their cultural well, and so had achieved cultural unity to some extent, and this is a change.

Sticks and Stones

A The words unspoken and actions undone may possibly remain so, but what is done can non be undone, and if you cause a situation to go from bad to worse, the consequences of your deed willing come to haunt you. This is what the main character of Trezza Azzopardis short story Sticks and Stones, Lewis, has experienced. Lewis accepts things as they are, even though he wants to change them he imagines hes the kind of individual that challenges teachers like Stott and Walker, the kind that the Headmaster takes seriously. (pages 9-10, lines 61-62). The quote supports the statement and also implies he is a person who blends in, and more importantly, that he does not want to stand out. Hence, he has adapted to his environment because he feels it is the safest thing to do. This has been caused by his mother, who has told him that Its the survival of the fittest passim his entirely life. capital of Minnesota barbarian is not peer of Lewis, but Lewis given his trait of staying in the backg round emphasizes with him surprisingly much.The ability to emphasize so much with Paul causes Lewis to go against his guts that tells him to mind his own matters, so it must have struck a nerve. Being able to identify with Paul so wellhead means he has experienced something akin to Pauls inflections, which the small portion of his past underlines Dont be such a baby. boys will be boys. Its human nature. (page 10, line 69). He sees himself in Paul Fry, and consequently wants to help because he had no help to claim himself.Lewis profession is not stated in the text, but it implicitly indicates that he is a teacher. For instance, the Headmaster catches him after class The next day, Harris (Headmaster) came and found him after class. (page 10, line 79). Moreover, Paul Fry is a student and when Lewis comes home, he has new information about Paul Fry to tell his girlfriend, Anna he wanted to tell her (Anna) about Paul Fry. Later, shed suspire when he came in from work, Whats happened now? shed ask (page 11, lines 98-102).The jump and the whole incident lie to the past, though. The short story is about Lewis reflecting on the past, which is wherefore flashbacks occur in the middle of the storyline. In the present, Lewis has no connection to the involved people of the event. He has quitted teaching after Pauls death on Lewiss last day, after suggesting he should take some time off. It was the day before Paul Fry was found. (page 11, lines 120-122) and even though he has an old earn from Anna, he has no contact to her Theres a letter for you, his mother shouts. Hes been there a month now, andhas had no phone calls, certainly no letters, no nothing at all from Anna. (page 8, lines 1821-22) Lewis puts it to his face. He cant find the scent of her in the words (page 9, line 40). The letter is definitely from Anna and has lost its scent, which implies that it has had one, but has now faded with time, which means it is old. The remorse of Pauls death is so strong th at it causes him to dream of his dive into the beach.This indicates it was the same day Paul died, and more so does the fact that the boys had never been all the way to Lewis place at the beach. The boys went out to beat up Lewis, because as Lewis tells us, he observed Paul being beat up and making no sound hence, the death of Paul and they wanted to shut up Lewis. The use of flashbacks throughout the plot keeps the reader at suspense. Lead on by a in media res start, Trezza Azzopardi keeps building up the suspense. The flashbacks are never out of circumstance they always occur at a setting relevant to it.As a natural follow-up on the flashbacks, Azzopardis short story ends with change in the main characters person. That is why Lewis throws out the pebbles, because for each pebble he has felt his life was difficult. Paul Frys incident has haunted him for yearn enough and he now wants to move on. After he throws away the pebbles, the waves of the beach does not trouble him anymo re and he can finally pick up to the humming earth, which indicates the change. A change long awaited caused by merely one devastating mistake.

Conversation Essay

Date Conversations We use social chat e really day in our live. There atomic number 18 three types of communication model, linear, inter industrious, and transactional communication. Each type of communication model has their strength and weakness. Linear communication is simple and straightforward barely it does not totally get word what you wanted to say because it is a one way communication and short. Interactive communication can captures a variety of communication forms but less active and not much of collaborative in both party to interpret meanings because it neglects the active role in senders and receivers.Transactional communication gives you time to collaborates and to captures what most people thinks, in general face to face communication, and this model enable both party to constantly exchange nonverbal and verbal kernels. Interpersonal communication is an important tool to learns and to builds up your communication skill because they are essential to an interpers onal relationship. It is difficult to build a relationship with someone if interpersonal communication skill is poor. Interpersonal communication helps us recognize concepts and awareness that influences our thoughts, emotion and behaviors in a relationship.I remembered of my first construe with Talia, our conversation it was not as smooth or friendly. We were partner up by our instructor, not by our free will, and this created a barrier between at first especially that we are both old types person that came from diverse culture, ethnic and have different ethics. They say first impression is very important when you approach someone because interpersonal communication is irreversible, so I was very cautious or self-aware when I interacted with Talia. Mostly we started out the conversation with a question, and then each of us takes turns to response to the question.Half way through the conversation, I noticed that we used fewer questions to start out a new conversation, and we go to straight to the subjects. Our different ethnics background intertwined our ethics which influenced our behaviors during the conversation, but we had good eyes contact and body gestures. Knowing my partners background, and culture made the conversation more interesting and dynamic. We had our third conversation date was failed because we set the time up already but I was unable to pick up the phone at work.During the time Talia gave me a call dead the customer came to eat and I was busy at that time. Normally, at the time we set up my uncle restaurant was not busy but I do not why this time so busy. I missed the conversation appointment with Talia. I know this is my false. After I received her massage I tried to give her a call back but she did not pick up the phone either. And then I try text her message but the result I got from her was busy too. I know we all busy because we have many thing to take care.But any way we were failed on third conversation, I know that each person ha s to responsibility with the first thing we have to deal with. Interpersonal communication skill is essential to interpersonal relationship. It helps us understand and recognizes concepts to build a better relationship, whether its for business, friendship, or romantic relationship. Understand interpersonal communication helps you prevent or dealing with impaired relationship, and builds better social networks around you. I believed this skill also helps build your self-esteem, openness, maintaining relationship and a well-being life.

Comparison and Contrast of The Hobbit Novel and The Hobbit Films Essay

The Hobbit An unexpected journey and The Hobbit The desolation of Smaug had a great director Peter Jackson to keep every original fancy that J. R. R. Tolkien would have in mind if he was the one to direct these movies. They unbroken that its not only about getting Dwarves their homeland back, but the victimisation of a quiet, stay at home and stay safe Hobbit. Most of the characters were well interpreted into the movie like Thorins greed for the Arkenstone, how that is his childhood and the region was balanced on the Arkenstones power.The films kept the same feeling that one would get from reading the novel. A Hobbit on his adventure, there and back again. Though they kept the same feeling, scenes and characters occurred even though they were never included in the novel. Tauriel was a she-elf that created a love triangle amid Kili and Legolas. In the book, Kili goes with the other dwarves, entering Smaugs lair. In the film, he gets a injured in the leg by an arrow that becomes i nfected and hes forced to stay in Laketown with window-dress and the others, and Tauriel and Fili his brother.Their deaths will become different from the original story. Also the size of Smaug became enormous compared to the book and J. R. R. Tolkien had his own artwork of the rough size of this dragon and the amount of metal(prenominal) he settled in. The treasure and how much dragon remained under the mountain was blown off the scale. These differences hardly impact the plot, but those are some differences between The Hobbit novel and The Hobbit movies.

Mandatory Minimum Sentences and Drug Policy Reform Essay

The design of authorisation minimums in spite of appearance our judicial corpse is not pull roundning the war on do do medicinesss. This country take aims do drugs law reforms to pass the tide on the war on drugs, and minimize their impact on our society. This comes from replenishment programs that atomic number 18 more effective and less addressly for our government activity. Introduction Our country has gone(a) to extremes to try and win the war on drugs. There is no evidence to show that they have made either squ be impact in ending or regular(a) lowering the use of drugs in this country.In1986 the federal government enacted obligatory minimum drug excoriates. These laws force decide to comply with a minimum prison article of faith establish on the nature of the drug crime. By doing this, the federal government has tied the hands of our judges to use their judgment depending on the case. Their controversy for this is it entrust deter pack from committin g drug crimes in the future. My argument is that we be interacting an addiction which postulate both medical and psychological help to resolve, not longer prison sendences. Argument for Mandatory strippedsIn 1986 mandatory minimums were enacted to put an end to the cocaine and checker epidemic that was tone ending on in our nations inner cities. The focus was if they could apprehend the drug kingpins and lock them away for some course of instructions in prison, they would lose their realm of promise of the drug world. The reality of the situation is that many gang leaders are in prison today, and have just as much control over the drug trade as they did when they were free men. umpteen say that the laws have inadvertently experience a racial problem deep down this country. Laws on mandatory minimum sentences are much harsher on crack than cocaine.Since crack is predominantly used among Afri dissolve the Statesns within this country, they mystifyd much harsher punishmen ts than cocaine users who are predominantly white. Argument against Mandatory Minimums We are not plain dealing with a bad mien that is a execration on society. We are dealing with extremely addictive drugs that a prison sentence get out do al close no good in helping hatful kick their habits, and in that respectfore their old way of life. These plenty need medical and psychiatric help in order to rehabilitate them into the nine to quint taxpaying Americans that our country requires them to be.Many drug dealers started out as users and began to sell the drug in order to pay for their own habit. Mandatory minimum prison sentences for people who are lamentably destroying their lives to maintain their own personal habit are not going to be reformed in our nations prisons. Most of the people within our prison ashes are their because of non-violent drug crimes. They are not horrible people who are their because of rape, murder, armed robbery, etc People who argue in favor of mandatory minimum sentences for drug offenses say it is working by putting dealers behind bars.The fact is though that most of the people behind bars due to these laws are low level dealers. In fiscal year 2005, 61. 5% of all federal crack cocaine defendants were low-level offenders such as mules or pass dealers. Only 8. 4% were high-level dealers. (Mandatory Minimums) Mandatory minimums scarce go by the weight of the substance that you were selling. It is tripping by this data that the weights set in our current laws do not target high-level dealers as well as they were intended to. Rehabilitation Centers vs. PrisonRehabilitation of our countrys drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. It is what you refer to as a win-win. The amount of people within our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six jillion people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehensio n. It is fair to say then that near half of our prison macrocosm is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an single for a year is $20,000.The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is rough $9,000. It currently costs our government nearly one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a jillion dollars a year. Not only that, but the resound offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for prison sentences. Drug courts are a unused transmitment going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only.Drug courts are set up to give archetypical while offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If initiative time offenders can successfully established the treatment program in most cases their crime is remove from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal wait on through FAFSA. In manoeuvre it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs.This in secrete makes it more un similarly that they exit revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are inured for a drug addiction and have been given the likewisels they need to succeed. Drug courts are very stark though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a dictatorial return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who penury to channelise their lives. It is true that in that location are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country.The idea of drug reform in this country may be a frighten away task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing nearly the problem it will neer go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of opinion are clearly not working. nearthing needs to be done about this problem. There is a designer wherefore we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations. It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of clayey a crime, our country will be better off. slight people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow. Mandatory Minimum laws within this country need major reform due to the unfairness that they create. While most of the injustice was done inadvertently, nonetheless it is still there. Our country has failed to take one step closer in triumphant the wa r on drugs. It is time for America to realize it has a drug addiction problem that cannot be fixed with lengthy prison sentences. Our country needs to change the mandatory minimum laws. Cocaine and crack need to be punishable equally.In this country it is estimated that there are four million people with addictions to either crack or cocaine. About half of the nations prison population is in there for non-violent drug offenses. With a prison population of one and a half million people, thats three quarters of a million non-violent drug offenders not receiving the correct treatment. Cocaine use has proceed to rise since the 1980s while crack use has stayed steady. Marijuana is the most commonly used extramarital drug in this country. It has had re attempt to show that it is a gateway drug. Users of marijuana are more likely to try drugs like crack and cocaine.Studies show that most users of marijuana have tried the drug forrader their sophomore year in high school. Educational sys tems such as D. A. R. E. are already in place as good educational tools against drugs. Our society needs to be honest about the dangers of drugs. Many anti-drug commercials of the past could go as far as to say a hit of marijuana will make you kill your parents. Many commercials of today are starting to show more honesty. Instead of formula that buying pot is the same as putting money into the hands of terrorists, they are stating the truth that it does typically make you less active.This in turn usually leads to people not comp allowing goals, and not completing any of their goals. Alcohol is the second most illegally used drug by minors. Education about the dangers of alcohol is equally fundamental. Alcoholism is a major problem within this country, which typically has major personal effects on families. Alcoholism can lead to violent households. More teens die from drinking and driving than any other way of death. Alcohol like marijuana is considered a gateway drug. This is wh y it is so important that we attempt to stop irresponsible drinking behaviors.Essentially drug addicts are addicted to the feeling of euphoria that comes upon them when endorphins flood the brain with the use of the drug. Drug rehabilitation centers have found great success at treating people with addiction to crack and cocaine with anti-depressants. The National Institute of Drug Abuse is taking a different approach to the problem. They are developing a cocaine-vaccine that virtually eliminates all effects of the drug. This would ensure that even if an addict were to have a relapse, the drug would have no effect, and the incentive to do the drug is interpreted away.Dealers of crack and cocaine usually were crack and cocaine users first. These drugs are incredibly addictive. For users to support their habits many of them turn to dealing the drug. If our society can find a way to break the cycle of addiction there is hope that we can start to turn the tide on the war on drugs. Our g overnment simply has to recognize that we are dealing with an addiction crisis, and not necessarily bad people who are the scourge of society. Drug courts are a new movement going across our nation. A court system set up to deal with drug crimes only.These courts are now operating or have plans to be operating in all fifty states. The first drug court was established in Dade County in 1981. Drug courts are set up to give first time offenders a second chance. Conditions of sentencing typically involve mandatory drug testing along with therapy. If first time offenders can successfully complete the treatment program in most cases their crime is removed from their criminal record. Since many first time offenders are juveniles or young adults, this allows them to receive federal aid through FAFSA.In turn it makes it easier for them to receive higher education services, which gives them a better chance at getting the skills they need for jobs. This in turn makes it more unlikely that they will revert to their old lifestyles of drug dealing now that they are treated for a drug addiction and have been given the tools they need to succeed. Drug courts are very strict though. If a participant in the program fails to attend a therapy meeting or has a positive return on a drug test, they are sent directly to jail. The program is only for those who want to change their lives.It is true that there are some people who do not want to change and they should be in jail if they do not want to reform to the laws of this country. Along with anti-depressants and revolutionary new research being done to address this nations addiction to drugs the twelve step treat is the most used system for drug rehabilitation. The twelve step process forces the user to admit he or she is powerless over the drug and that a higher power can help them recompense their sanity. This has its own constitutional conflictions with the separation of church and state.The twelve step process is only one cr eam that can be taken towards drug rehabilitation though. It could be set up where defendants could choose a faith based rehabilitation program through the state or a non faith based rehabilitation program. There is no one strategy that works for every addict. Each case needs to be dealt with on a personal basis. They need to get to the bottom of why they want to use drugs. There is typically an underlying issue in a users life that causes them to search for an escape. The escape that ends many people in prison for lengthy sentences happens to come from crack and cocaine for too many people.Our rehabilitation centers need to work closely with the patients family whenever this is possible. Most drug users have families that are drug users as well. It is a perpetual cycle that continues to go on. It continues to go on because the underlying problems within the family are not addressed and they continue to turn to drugs in an attempt to escape the issues. Families are typically the to p hat support system for a user trying to go unclothe. Without the help of the family or a family like atmosphere, users find it difficult to memorize a reason why they should quit.They need to see the impact that it makes on their loved ones to make it real to them. The ugliness needs to be shown in order for the user to see the full consequences of his or her actions. I am not proposing that we get rid of prison sentences for drug offenders by any bureau. We should only offer rehab to first time offenders who will be able to show whether they really wish to change their lives for the better. If you have been through the program once and reverted back, then you have not turn out to society that you are willing to be a productive law-biding citizen.Everyone deserves a second chance, but not necessarily a third or fourth. Rehabilitation of our countrys drug users not only has a higher success rate than that of our prisons, it is also more cost efficient. The amount of people with in our jail and prison systems is estimated to be above six million people. Approximately half of these inmates used drugs regularly the month prior to their apprehension. It is fair to say then that nearly half of our prison population is candidates for drug rehabilitation programs rather than prison systems. The average cost for incarcerating an individual for a year is $20,000.The average cost of treatment at a rehabilitation center is around $9,000. It currently costs our government around one billion dollars annually to incarcerate its prison population. By taking the half of the prison population that are habitual users and putting them in treatment centers, the government could save a quarter of a billion dollars a year. Not only that but the repeat offender rate for those that have gone through the treatment centers is only a fourth of that for a prison sentence. Rehabilitation centers have a success rate of sixty to seventy five percent.When those figures are applied to the prison population that means that at the lowest success rate twenty five percent of our prison population would draw productive members of society. While the repeat offender rate for rehabilitation centers is between forty and twenty five percent, prison are seventy five percent. With our current system over half a million of our non-violent offenders will be back in prison for the same crime, while with rehabilitation at pommel it would be around three hundred thousand. The key to success with our rehabilitation centers is to provide long experimental condition assistance.It will be much better off for the nation as a whole to treat the triggers of addiction before it gets out of hand. Yes it is the addicts fault the he or she is addicted, but this does not mean that we should let society hurt on a principle of stubbornness. We should help our fellow man stay clean if he wants to be clean. With long term assistance programs for patients of rehabilitation programs, the success r ate can allude as high as ninety five percent. I am not naive full to think that this high of a number will work just as well for prisoners.Some prisoners simply do not want to break their addiction. If they do not want to change their lives, there is very little that rehab will do for a patient. Society has treated the drug problem within this country with extremely harsh punishments. We have been blind to see that we have been approaching the problem with the unseasonable strategy. Rehabilitation and education are the two strongest weapons in the war on drugs. If we change the lives of drug offenders, we will be able to exchange a large portion of our prison population into productive members of society.This would turn people who used to be a burden on taxpayers into taxpayers themselves. This would ultimately help the economy of America and the overall quality of life. The idea of drug reform in this country may be a daunting task, but it needs to be done. If we do nothing abo ut the problem it will never go away, and as it has shown so far it will only get worse. The old ways of thinking are clearly not working. Something needs to be done about this problem. There is a reason why we have the highest incarceration rate of all industrialized nations.It is because half of our incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated citizens are non-violent drug offenders. If we can move towards treating an illness instead of punishing a crime, our country will be better off. Less people will be incarcerated and will be productive, moving our country towards a better tomorrow.

A Study of Najdi Arabic & Arabic Language (Saudi Arabia)

If you ask a question to a Saudi Arabian, an Egyptian, an Algerian and a Syrian that which thing makes you an Arab? They will answer in just a second that verbalize Arabic makes us an Arab. This language makes the Arab world and it binds the whole Arab world from Morocco to Kuwait.This language gives identity to the Arab society and makes them mindful about the history of the Arab. Since the inception of Islam Arabic is the speaking language of the Moslem world. Islamic holy disc the Quran was initially scripted in Arabic.There is a great religious significance of this language in the Islamic world. match to Muslims if you want to go through properly the messages of Quran, you should read it in Arabic language. Thats why Arabic is not only the language of Arab world. (Seikaly, 2001)Arabic language is not only official language of Saudi Arabia, save it is also considered as an official language in more than forty five countries and dialect of Arabic is being spoken by 200,000, 000 people all around the world. Main part of this population lives in the Arabic countries, but a consid sequenceble number of Arabic Speakers live in some move of Africa. Arabic is treated as a biggest member of the Semitic branch and it is some what same as Hebrew and Aramaic.Arabic is studied widely in the Islamic world. Since 6th light speed Arabic is being taught as a literary language and many another(prenominal) words of other languages had been taken from Arabic such as English and Spanish. Some words like sugar, cotton and magazine had been derived from Arabic. In Arabic these words be pronounced like sukkar, qun, mazin. Some other words like alcohol, algebra and zenith came from Arabic language. (Shah, 2007)There are many verities of Arabic language. In this paper we will discuss those varieties in brief. We will mainly focus on the Najdi (A variety of Arabic language). Najdi Arabic speakers oppose the theory of generative phonology. We will move step by step and in an arranged manner.The First Word of ArabicThe first word of Arabic, which was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, is iqra (means recite). According to literature the meaning of Quran is recitation. Muslims say that it was the command, which was given to the Muhammad by god, when the Prophet began to receive the revelation and this finally got converted into the Quran. The word Quran is based on the three garners, those are Q, R and A and the word iqra contains these 3 letter root. (Seikaly, 2001)Forms of ArabicArabic language can be divided in the three forms- classical, modern standard, and colloquial. The Arabic, which has been employ in the Quran, is considered as classical Arabic. The Arabic used in Quran is treated as the perfect Arabic and is a stander for written form of Arabic.The modern standard Arabic is derived from the Classical Arabic and is used in the dinner gown communication such as in literature, in news, in offices and in print media. Colloquial Arabic is topi cally spoken Arabic language and it varies from nation to nation and area to area. Many varieties of the Colloquial Arabic pull in been found in the Arab World and Najdi is one of them. In religious and social functions the oral Arabic is used for writing also because the written and spoken forms of Arabic language are highly interconnected. young Standard Arabic is not used at such moments. It is used in television and radio news broadcasts. innovative Standard Arabic plays an important role to bind the whole Arab world because the Arabic speakers from Lebanon and Morocco cannot easily understand one-anothers Arabic language due to their local dialects. But they can talk in Modern Standard Arabic easily.Thats why Modern Standard Arabic is used in formal meetings and occasions. Many local and regional variations have taken place in spoken Arabic and written Arabic has also been changed since 7th century. Many foreign words are being used in Spoken Arabic such as computer, telephon e, television, and radio.On the other hand lots of words have been borrowed from Arabic by the many Western languages like English, Spanish and Portuguese. In the earlier time, the Arab world was known for medical specialty mathematics, philosophy, and astronomy. Name of many stars are based on the Arabic language such as Betelgeuse, Rigel, Deneb, Altair, and Aldebaran. (Seikaly, 2001)The Arabic script had been taken from Nabataean Aramaic script. Originally, Arabic language had been used since 4th century but in that location is no solid evidence for it. Generally 6th century is treated as the starting era for Arabic language. Initially Aramaic language was there in use, but there are less consonants in this language. Hence in the 7th century new Arabic letters had been created with the inspection and repair of dots. so vowels came into the picture. . (Omniglot writing systems & languages of the world, 2010)Classification of varietiesThe Arabic script had been taken from Nabat aean Aramaic script. Originally, Arabic language had been used since 4th century but there is no solid evidence for it. Generally 6th century is treated as the starting era for Arabic language.Initially Aramaic language was there in use, but there are fewer consonants in this language. Hence in the 7th century new Arabic letters had been created with the help of dots. Then vowels came into the picture. Nowadays Arabic is spoken in many contrastive ways in different areas. (Omniglot writing systems & languages of the world, 2010)

Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas Essay

Literature is considered a reflect of the society. The pool of content in literary writing stems from the environment in which the generator is placed. A writer will use this environment to advance his/her views of the society and at the same time drive into the auditory modality/readers important information that he/she wishes to pass. hunter S. Thompson has used his creativity in the novel Fear and hate in Las Vegas written in the 1960s to reflect on American society with Las Vegas as the situation of reference.Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas describes the American society as hypocritical. The Duke and Gonzo attend a league on narcotics and dangerous drugs. The theme of the conference is slated as an appeal for experience sharing on drugs between those with knowledge on drugs and those that do not. Their attendance is hypocritical in that they have already decided that they were not exhalation to offer their services at the conference. Thompson on page 143 notes that Duke an d Gonzo had made it clear that they would be crazy to emphasise any teaching at the conference and they would rather sit and enjoy their drugs. Furthermore, the police who are tasked with law of nature enforcement are also hypocritical, instead of enforcing laws on drugs and alcoholism they engage with criminals in committing crimes. This is illustrated by the police incumbent from Georgia.Secondly, the American society is as a blacked out society. Drugs, alcoholism and black market enterprises characterize a blacked out society. A black market society is a consumer based society characterized by both(prenominal) legal and illegal business the duke and the attorney are not drug dealers but heavy consumers. As soon as they get to Mint hotel the Attorney orders four shrimp cocktails, four club sandwiches, quart rum and fresh grape fruits. He says they will need to have all they can get. in that respect stay in Las Vegas is characterized by heavy drug abuse and alcoholism. The so rry state of this vices forces the administration to organizes conference to tackle issues of drugs and alcohol dubbedIn addition, Fear and Loathing Las Vegas reveals racist nature of the American military and the radioactive decay of moral values. This is portrayed in a copy of the Las Vegas Sun newspaper. she was just a slope anyway. This is in reference to killing of Asiatic origin person. His killing is considered right for simple reason that he from the take to the woods of the enemy camp. A slope referred to Asiatic community. The massive killings during the Vietnam War were ironically regarded as success by the American government. As the Duke get acrosss to read the newspaper, a small article talks about how Mohammed Ali has a last appeal of a case in court which he had been sentenced to five years in prison for refusing to kill slopes. This illustrates the moral decay of the society. A criminal was likely to get a shorter jail endpoint than a person who had refused to join the military and aid in killings. What is right is considered a serious offence.Consumerism and capitalistic culture has been embraced in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. This is well brought out by the two protagonists in the novel. The lifestyle of the Duke and his attorney on the journey to Las Vegas is characterized by heavy spending on drugs, accommodation, transportation and gambling. Duke says their railway car trunk looked like a police narcotics lab (Thompson 4). This shows they had bought so many expensive drugs which the writer goes beforehand to acknowledge that they did not actually need but for the fun of it.Moreover, the two protagonists are searching for American dream using a fascinating car we are looking for the American dreamthat is why they gave us this white Cadillac (Thompson 164). This demonstrates the capitalist nature. The car has to be a Cadillac which was a status car of the faculty in the society.Lastly, the novels central theme revolves around th e American dream. The American dream is an motif stating that success comes through hard work. However, the dream is a dying one which has not materialized because of the societys greed, selfishness and corruption as depicted in Fear and Loathing in Vegas by Thomson. Drug business, harlotry and gambling have replaced legal businesses in Las Vegas. Law forces have been tangled up in this plot as they watch this acts being committed for a few pennies from the dealers. The picture of a crowd of Las Vegas antechamber in a casino at early hours of the morning gives more dimensions to the American dream. Emerging from a casino having won seems to epitomize what the society feels about the American dream.Patriotism among American citizens in the hobbyhorse of this dream cannot be disputed despite being portrayed negatively. The Duke says I will have a natural American car or nothing at all (Thompson 104). This illustrates pride in American products as opposed to products from other co untries.Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas by Thompson Hunter S. arguments have negatively portrayed the American society in the 1960s and 1970s. Drugs and alcohol abuse, racism, hypocrisy, failed institutions and the dying American dream continue to daunt the image of the Las Vegas society. However all is not lost as the issues addressed have keep to be a point of reference not only to the Americas past but the future ambitions. Thompson plays his role as an author in bringing into public what is ethically wrong or right.ReferenceThompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. London Flamingo, 1972 fountain document

Mobile Phone Life Cycle

Samsung Electronics is a semiconductor mobile scream and mobile phone component manufacturer. It exists in the most dynamical end of the consumer intersection point industry. It can non succeed without continuous incremental improvement and without constantly updating its production portfolio. The product life cycle for its premium product the Samsung galaxy S3 is estimated to be only 9 months. This occurs because customers withhold purchasing a product for which they know is loss to be updated and replaced imminently.Samsung is a conglomerate in multiple grocery stores, with the briny profit centres being mobile telecommunications and teaching engine room manufacturing. Samsung has posted record profits in its most recent financial quarter. Samsung is a dynamic but reactionary company it emulates innovations by other manufacturers such as apple but it operates in a groceryplaceplace where such things are common. It manufactures components for most other manufacturers of mobiles tablets and PCs. Samsung has an adversarial relationship with Apple who is Samsungs twain Samsungs main competitor in mobile telephony and one of its biggest customers.Samsung has an wages everyplace Apple at present in that it has the infrastructure and dynamic capability to manufacture the components required. This leaves its main twin Apple requiring Samsungs co-operation. Samsung is seeking to increase the price which it charges Apple. Strategically this is a wise extract as switching costs for Apple essentially having to retool its entire operating network and refresh its products. Samsung is a company that prefers to grow organically. It has been suggested that the firm engage in a purchase of Blackberry manufacturing business Research in Motion. This would be characterised as a defensive acquisition.It would be merely adding to its portfolio of assets and gaining ownership of a mobile operating dodge. Currently it licences the Android from Google. Samsung has a strong diverse product portfolio and is capable of competing in numerous markets from the low end smartphones to the Premium Galaxy range Samsung has a product for every likely price point. Samsung partners with other providers and builds phones and other devices for them such as the Google Chrome book. In an industry where at that place are numerous rivals and whereby Product Life Cycles are becoming progressively shorter.Samsung has an advantage in that as a semiconductor manufacturer it can respond to changes in the market dynamic quicker. A disadvantage for Samsung is that is does not have the same prestige as Apple and therefore cannot charge such premiums for its products. Samsung has to mop uper more(prenominal) at a lower price point than Apple does for its competing products. Samsungs flagship Galaxy Range has 2 rivals for Apples iPhone the Galaxy S3 and the Galaxy NOTE 2. These combined even though they are of similar quality and separate towards different market segm ents than the iPhone 5 sales are still less than Apple.Could Samsung drop the Samsung nomenclature and market its high end models as Galaxy? This could levy the appeal of the high end premium line. In the technology business Samsung is a rare beast in that it rarely makes acquisitions. Very few technology acquisitions are deliberately earnings generative. Facebook buying Instagram and Microsoft buying Skype are considered to be primarily defensive plays to enhance and protect certain advantages each of these companies had. Samsung could purchase a rival chip maker, though logistically and practically there would be little point in doing so.Another concept potentially to consider would be merging with Google to throw an all in one hardware and software company. While logistically this would be the ultimate defensive break away by both sides, it would be very difficult integrating the different business cultures it would probably mingy that Samsung would have to move its headquart ers to the U. S. A. A merger to companies that are on friendly terms as it is would certainly produce synergies in financing, but as they both maintain large cash wads that are increasing every quarter it doesnt seem that the risk would be worth it.Another option for Samsung would be Nokia this would give Samsung 30 per cent of all the patents for 4G networks which would give the firm a significant royal line stream from every 4G enabled phone worldwide over the next 8 to 10 years which is the anticipate length that 4G will remain as the most modern network. Samsung will in time be paying(a) for a brand name and significantly weak company . It would also have to fend off rumoured interest from Microsoft. It would be a costly acquisition at 30 billion dollars given the market place Capitalisation of Nokia today and the required premium with which would be required to be successful.Samsung could use its partnership with Renault Nissan in the automotive industry to create a suite o f products automatically synchronised with the car. This would be similar sufficiency the Tesla Model S. While this is a left-field suggestion it is leveraging assets that Samsung already has and utilising it in order to serve its main Profitable arm. This allows the firm to gain a competitive advantage over its main rival Apple. The fight Nippon-French automobile manufacturing partnership might also be receptive to an outright takeover by Samsung.Samsung has notwithstanding been a trend follower, albeit a very adept and nimble one. It hasnt necessarily been the most ripe company, however with product life cycles getting consistently smaller and the competition which Samsung faces at all ends of the market from the low end to very top is also getting more innovative. Samsung is one of only a small number of companies that could redefine the market. It already produces Smart TVs in large quantities. It could start selling phones laptops and tablets TVs in large bulk quantities by a lready pre synchronising them for customers.Its steps like this that will put it earlier of its main rival Apple which is rumoured to be introducing a television that is expected to permanently alter consider experience. In order to successfully manage this transition Samsung would have to be ahead in the U. S. A first and foremost. Gaining access to material is what blocked Apples entry into this new market. Aggressively Samsung could purchase a rail line company or Netflix and control this content for itself, gaining such an imperative competitive advantage.Samsung if it wanted to be self-asserting could stop supplying Apple severely hampering its main rivals operations while sharp increasing market share elsewhere by undercutting Apple. Another strategy would be to introduce a phone that would have enhanced abilities i. e. a class above its premium Galaxy range and kindred iPhone 5 and Google Nexus 5. This would entrap Apple in a Pincer movement that would allow Samsung to b e effectively the supplier of the latest accessory mobile phone, which at present is the iPhone 5 rather than the same S3 and Note 2.The other strategy is to remain second the mobile phone market and a foreign competitor to Apple in the Tablet market, this is the most conservative option and requires the least capital outlay, however it risks being overtaken in the same way Nokia was. In the technology market an aggressive approach would be beneficial, but as the relationship between Google and Samsung is seen as quite good the optimal strategy would be to jointly design products that would create a short term monopoly , such things exist in a world where second best is very often a distant second.Utilising inherent dynamic capabilities it was Apple who was playing catch up to the S3 and Note 2 but the iPhone 5 is outselling both products collectively, this could be because of the inaction derived from being introduced to a particular eco-system, in this way Apple has a first mov er advantage in that it has a lot of loyal clients. Samsung primarily operates on Googles Android operating system which is compatible with other Android users such as HTC and LG. At present Android has 68% of the market but the high margin clients have primarily tended to purchase Apple products.This is an issue that is only unless compounded by time. In order to overcome this Samsung would have to be overly aggressive on a pricing strategy for a phone that would be significantly more advanced than its predecessors and its rivals. Samsung Electronics as a whole is a diversified technology company that should continue to grow unless it commits the cardinal sin of failing to innovate. It is a buy but it will have to alter its practices if it wants to cash in ones chips Apples profitability. S. Decker, 2012 Samsung Gets Review of Loss to Apple in U.S. Patent Case http//www. businessweek. com/news/2012-11-19/samsung-gets-review-of-loss-to-apple-in-u-dot-s-dot-patent-case utmost Acce ssed 20/11/12 11. 25 http//www. investopedia. com/terms/d/defensiveacquisition. aspaxzz2ClJTl2OX Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 30 Sam Grobart, 2012 Samsungs Four (Easy) Steps to Mobile Dominance http//www. businessweek. com/articles/2012-11-19/samsungs-four-easy-steps-to-mobile-dominance Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 30 Samsung Annual Report 2011