Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay Example

Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay Example Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay Background Of Christian Counselling Religion Essay Essay with a construct that individuals are born with chance of being self-constructive every bit good as irrational ( Self destructive ) . They possess self saving inherent aptitudes. He concludes by saying that our challenges are entirely caused by our deformed ideas.[ 4 ]Gerald Corey in his book observed that the Cognitive Behaviour attack frequently play down on emotions without the geographic expedition of cardinal struggles. It neglects the importance of the Client s personal history. It concludes by stating that the R.E.B.T being a confrontational therapy could take to headlong surcease, while the C.B.T might be excessively officially prearranged for some Clients. However, all through the old ages this attack, by manner of uninterrupted rating has attained a high grade of answerability which makes room for ego directed plans for behavioral alteration.[ 5 ] Humanist Approach On the other manus, the Humanistic attack ( or individual centred ) reding frequently called the third force which was explained in Kavita Singh s book Counselling accomplishments for directors , has its subject based on assisting relationships whereby all human interactions is aimed to the realisation of Psychological growing or Maturity. This attack was propounded by Carl Rogers. It is based on a hypothesis that one s position of oneself within the context of environment influences one s actions and personal satisfactions .[ 6 ] Another popular theoretical account in Humanistic Approach to Counselling is the Abraham Maslow s hierarchy of demands which harmonizing to CSCT Counselling brochure says that the Hierarchy of demands which relates to inspiration by two factors, viz. guaranting continued being by fulfillment of basic bodily and mental demands and secondly the demand for self realization or realisation of a individual s full potency. These assorted demands, is projected from the base of a trigon to the vertex from Physiological, Safety, Belonging, Recognition needs and in conclusion self realization demands.[ 7 ]Albert Ellis the Founder of Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy ( R.E.B.T ) has pinpointed a defect in the humanistic attack to reding saying that it is frequently excessively soft and fails to get by with the truth that individuals can practically self-destruct through absurd and littered thought.[ 8 ]However, Harmonizing to William Stewart s book its strength is based on the fact that it f acilitates discourse with Multicultural groups amongst assorted cultural population. It besides compliments Client s ideal, non-judgemental attitude, freedom on what Clients want to be explored in Sessionss.[ 9 ] Psychodynamic Approach Psychodynamic attack to reding harmonizing to Windy Dryden and Jill Milton s book is based on Psychoanalytical theories such as the theoretical account and pattern of Sigmund Freud where the Centre of attending is on the rule that a great portion of our mental operation is unconscious. The unconscious portion of our memories contains ideas and feelings which we have subdued in order to besiege hurting and struggle they might do. It farther provinces that despite the points of idea being out of head they do have serious impact on behaviors, ideas and feelings.[ 10 ] Similarly, another Psychodynamic attack is the Attachment and Loss theoretical account by John Bowlby, which harmonizing to William Stewart s book focuses on heartache as an look of separation anxiousness and intense desire to recapture the doomed relationship . He gave illustrations of such loss to run from beloved 1s, material objects, a portion of the individual eg a limb, an event such as divorce, etc.[ 11 ]While this attack finds its strength in being applicable to groups and persons, harmonizing to Gerald Corey its restriction is that the healers require extended preparation period while costs to the clients are rather expensive. The Psychoanalytical attack to reding takes attention of Biological and instinctual facets at the disregard of societal, cultural and interpersonal issues . It is constantly non applicable to typical day-to-day life issues and non suited for cultural and cultural groups. It has besides being realized that a great figure of clients lack the self-est eem energy required for good rehabilitation.[ 12 ] Background of Christian Counselling Harmonizing to Newman s book there are no common attacks to Christian Counselling, he made mention to Charles Kollar who researched that bulk of Pastor really adopt cognitive behavioral attack to therapy. In position of the deficiency of uniformity in practise some Curates do wholly fling the term Christian Counselling for Biblical Counselling which is specific and welcoming. However, it was historically observed that Reding in Christendom was called Pastoral attention which to mentions from the books of Gregory the Great, Martin Luther, John Wesley, etc. They so concentrated on supplications, confessions, forgiveness and general application of Biblical rules to day-to-day Living. This continued until the clip of Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis and the humanistic attacks produced pastoral Counselling which finally created struggles particularly with the obvious opposition in accommodating the Bible rules with secular attacks.[ 13 ] Emerging Counselling Models Consequently, Eric L Johnson and Stanton L Jones in the book Psychology and Christianity gave inside informations of the debut of Nouthetic reding whic was brought approximately by Jay Adams after vehemently opposing the secular guidance attacks as being counter to Christianity. Adams propounded ( from Nouthetic reding ) that Christian Counselling should be of Biblical footing with Sin being Centre of attending, since it is responsible for most psychological challenges. He so detailed the construct in his book Competent to advocate .[ 14 ]Other Models harmonizing to Newman are Discipleship Counselling by Gary Collins and Effective Biblical Counselling by Lawrence Crabb.[ 15 ] Integration Debates of Ssecular and Christian Counselling. Harmonizing to John W Hibler s diary, the argument possessed two sides viz. : those who believe that the Bible is equal and farther public-service corporation of modern Psychology and psychotherapy simply pollutes the Bible truth, therefore no accomplishable integrating and on the other manus are integrationist with the statement that general Revelation is a justifiable beginning of truth hence prefer a cautious usage of Modern Theory and methods controlled by scriptural divinity and Christian Worldview. Hibler farther stated that the integrationist based their statement upon the tenet of general disclosure or New Testament citations which indicated the adequateness of Christ and the religious gift of the church. Hibler nevertheless based his composing on the undermined position point of the Old Testament wisdom literature viz. the book of Proverbs which implies that the manner of wisdom pave the manner to honesty and guiltless Character, a life lived in the fright of the Lord. ( Prov. 1:1-7, 2: 1-22, 8: 1-21 ) . With wisdom and righteousness being on the same tract, a wise adult male and righteous adult male are indistinguishable. ( Prov. 8:20 ; 9:9 ) .[ 16 ] Similarly, Siang-Yang Tan in his book identifies the statement that supports the use of specific or curative methods used in reding and therapy, but should be in harmoniousness with the Bible. This attack was exemplified by McMinn and Campbell ( 2007 ) who used integrative psychotherapeutics, which entails behavioral, cognitive and interpersonal theoretical accounts which are within the Christian Theological frame work.[ 17 ] Furthermore, harmonizing to Jef De Vriese s Journal, He observed that the job relief factors of both secular and Christian guidance are common hence one could ab initio presume that they are collaborated. However, on farther examining secular reding maps from Human resources therefore humanistic. Contrastingly, Christian guidance is directed towards God. Most outstanding point is that Self geographic expedition in Christian guidance has an external point of attending which is God and his Word. They restrict the flight of emotions but route them through reshaping of ideas behind them. Vriese pointed out assorted points from Christian reding argument point of positions as follows ; that Non-specific healing factor from secular reding are across-the-board in the bible hence a priceless theoretical account based on the Bibles can be developed. Any Counselling Model that does non hold God at its focal point is Unacceptable The undermentioned books of the Bible are in harmony with this fact ; Romans 14:23, 1st Cor. 10:31 which does non hold religion and God s program for this universe. Rom 7: 5 he who is non with me is against me and he who does non garner with me spreads The lone manner Christian guidance can utilize secular methods is by reshaping so from Biblical point. Penetrations from secular guidance can function as a agency to convey out methods already in the Bible such as method of believing as in Cognitive restructuring. The purification and reformation theoretical accounts supports the demand to really reform or sublimate elements from the secular guidance to be biblically acceptable before they can be utilized. The bible as a Handbook truly provides all that is needed to populate a fulfilled life but the How to use the content in complex state of affairs remains unsolved in Christain guidance.[ 18 ] Vriese nevertheless concludes with the Challenge that researches could so be developed in support of integrating but with the position to guarantee public-service corporation of all secular attacks to reding that does non oppose Biblical truths. Summarily, after sing assorted sides of the argument, I agree with the statement of Micninn and Campbell which demonstrated that utile infusions can be made from secular reding to the extent to which they do non hold any contradiction with Biblical positions. This position was besides in understanding with Vriese assorted points, as the purification reformation theoretical accounts, and the theoretical account amongst others that takes portion of secular reding applicable to Christian guidance by manner of cognitive restricting.

Ballet I Terms Essay

Ballet I Terms Essay Ballet I Terms Essay Natasha Pineda Professor Simone di Pietro Reche Ballet I 27 August 2013 1. Five positions of the feet I. First (Premiere)- The feet form one line, heels touching to one another. II. Second (Seconde)- The feet are in the same line as first position but with a distance of about one foot between the heels. III. Third (Troisieme)- One foot is in front of the other, heels touching the middle of the other foot. IV. Fourth (Quatieme)- The placement of the feet is similar to that in third, but the feet are parallel and separated by the length of one foot. This is the classical fourth position but it may also be done with the feet in first position, only separated by the space of one foot. The former is known as quatrieme position croisee, and the later is quatrieme position ouverte. Today the quatrieme position croisee is done with the feet placed in fifth, rather than third, position, parallel and separated by the length of one foot. V. Fifth (Clinquieme)- The feet are crossed so that the first joint of the big toe shows beyond either heel. Sometimes the feet are completely crossed with the heel of the front foot touches the toe of the back and vice versa. VI. Sixth- The feet are parallel with the knees, ankle bones, and big toes touching. 2. Positions of the arms(French method): the positions of the arms are not standard in all methods. The Cecchetti method has 5 standard positions. The French school has a preparatory position and five standard positions. The Russian school has a preparatory position and 3 standard positions. I. Bras au repos- Preparatory position where shoulders are pushed down and arms are down and wrists are about hip-level II. First- arms are bought up from the preparatory position with fingertips at about level with the belly button. Arms should be rounded as if holding a beach ball. III. Second- arms are extended from the first position opening out. Shoulders, elbows, and wrists should descend downward. IV. Third- one arm is in second position while the other is held at a high fifth position V. Fourth- one arm is extended in high fifth and the other id extended at a first position. VI. Fifth- arms are extended high from the first position. Arms are raised above the head, shoulders pressed down, arms imitating holding a beach ball 3. Plià © - A bending of the knee or knees. There are two principal plià ©s : a grand plià © or full bending of the knees and demi plià © or half-bending of the knees. 4. Battement tendu- An exercise where the working foot slides from the first or fifth position to the second or fourth position without lifting the toe from the ground. Both knees are straight, and when the foot reaches the position pointe tendue, it returns to the starting position. 5. Battment degage/jette- This is similar to battment tendue, bit is done at twice the speed and the working foot rises a small amount from the floor with toes pointed. It then slides back into first or fifth. 6. Releve- Raised. A raising of the body on the points or demi-pointes from plià ©. You can releve smooth and continuous, or with a little spring. Eleve- A releve but without the plià ©. 7. Fondu- Sinking down. A lowering of the body made by bending the knee of the supporting leg. It can also be the ending of a step when the working leg is placed on the ground with a soft and gradual movement. 8. Passà ©/ Retire- Withdrawn. A position were the thigh is raised to the second position with the knee bend and turned out. The toe rests in front of, behind or to the side of the supporting knee. 9. Pas de Bourree- A movement, executed on the balls of the feet or on pointe, in which the you either skim smoothly across the floor or transfer the weight from foot-to-foot three times as a transition into another movement. A pas-de-bourrà ©e consists of bending both legs, extending one, then stepping up, up, down, finishing with bent knees. 10. Grand Battement- The working leg is raised from the hip into the air and brought

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Auditing - Essay Example The accountants ensure that this system has all components and that it functions efficiently. This paper will study risk-based auditing and assess the objectives and elements of internal control system while making reference to Emerald Fitness Studios. Risk-based auditing is a review whereby the auditor concentrates on the risky areas of a business (Gray, & Manson, 2011). The auditor uses more resources to assess the risky areas more than the non-risky areas of a business. This form of auditing takes place in three stages that include: comprehending of an organization’s environment and processes, identifying risks and their impacts, and then concluding on those risks. The first stage of risk-based auditing involves understanding the environment of a business. The environment includes the daily activities and processes that take place in the organization (Ricchiute, 2003); for example, selling is a process that takes place in an organization on a daily basis. The auditor studies this activity from when a customer orders a product to the time that client receives that good and pays for it. In the case of Emerald Fitness Studios, the auditor should spend the day understanding the activities that the accountant, technicians, instructors, and the manager undertake. This means that the auditor has to spend some evenings in the office to relate with the accountant’s duties because the accountant works at night at the back office. The second stage of risk-based assessment involves identifying risks and their impacts to the organization’s records and going concern (Ricchiute, 2003). This is because all organizations operate in a setting that is filled with uncertainties. The statutory auditor of EFS should identify the uncertainties that the organization faces; for example, the organization faces compliance, operational, and financial uncertainties. The statutory accountant should then determine the effects of the occurrence of these risks on the

The Current Conservation Status of a Group of Marine Vertebrates Term Paper

The Current Conservation Status of a Group of Marine Vertebrates - Term Paper Example This was driven not merely by negative foresight on the eventuality of the current scale of activities against cetaceans. But, this was simply underpinned by the enthusiasm of researchers on conservation attempts. Additionally, this was also to understand the ideas contained in available implementing guidelines for the limits of catching whales (Stoett, 1997). Unfortunately, numberless publication persists which turned out to be unhelpful and can be barriers and distractions towards positive endeavors. These publications contain one, issues that depict strained relations among nations which bring about the possibilities of total destruction as there is no commonality of beliefs on conservations. Second, there is the danger of over-population which may result in extreme increases in demands for exhausting resources as well as collective relocation. Third, that there is an incessant intensified consciousness on soil erosion and rapid deforestations. Fourth, there is an ever-increasing account of oil wastage over bodies of water because of flaws on the transport system resulting in the death of marine organisms. And fifth, that the whales are subjects to extinction (Stoett, 1997). Fortunately, the persistence of the issues on the extinction of whales challenged and inspired many people to keep on with their studies. This is because they believed that continuity of the whales or cetaceans species generations is apparently a benchmark. This would clearly indicate the conditions of the environment. Basically, it would be of benefit to mankind considering that these cetaceans are also mammals, although, they are aquatic. So, if they have continued to live in the bodies of water, then, this is a clue that the environment is still supportive of life. And this runs counter to claims of extensive environmental degradations (Stoett, 1997). According to the author, studies revealed that the population of gray and minke whales has normalized. This is despite the extensive po aching activities simply for profit, overtly disregarding the consequences. But, the population dip of some other cetaceans like blue whales, light whales, and humpback whales are quite alarming. This is made complicated by the fact that there is a very little study conducted on the physical welfare of cetaceans. And if there is any hope left for the survival of the species, then, this lies largely on the latest consensus of the concerned groups like the International Whaling Corporation (Daniels, 2007; Stoett, 1997). Apparently, the members of the International Whaling Corporation in 1982 have realized the intensity of the risk they have taken in 1946 for supporting the extinguishing activities of catching whales and its relatives for the purpose of profit, health, and purported sustenance. Consequently, the 1982 position stood firm on the suspension of all whale catching activities in the national and international seas. Although, it took some three years before the treaty was ful ly implemented. This was because of political dissensions on the part of those who are apt to continue profiteering. Large scale whalers like the Japanese and the Americans were all dissatisfied with the ruling on the suspension of their self-centered endeavors.  

Puzzle of High Saving Rate in China - Myth and Reality Research Paper

Puzzle of High Saving Rate in China - Myth and Reality - Research Paper Example Other economists believe that these high rates of saving are a part of financial behavior or financial attitude development that resulted in the tremendous growth of Chinese economy. Among many cynical reasons, one reason was that the increase in the number of male children born in China has resulted in this trend. The ratio of male to female children in China is around 122 men for every 100 girls. This means that one in every five man cannot find a girl in the marriage market. Hence, in order to give them competitive edge in the marriage market, these people try to save more and build up more wealth so that they can find a wife in the future. This is one f most widely accepted reason of increase in saving rates in China (Wei, 2010). Other reason for growth of saving in China is declining dependency ratio. This means that more people nowadays are working in China and hence since income of people is high they can afford to save more since they do not have to bear the expense of their dependents or people who rely on them. Another reason for this growth in saving rate is the growth of national income and GDP per capital in China. This means that people are earning more than they were earning before and hence this gives them more chances to save their money for future and precautionary motives. Table 1: Comparisons of Saving Rates as percentage of GDP Source: Yi and Ma If we compare China with other countries with other countries we can say that over time it has become far superior to other countries in terms of saving. China’s propensity to save from year 1998 to 2008 has increased from 39% of its GDP to 54.3% of its GDP. This shows a growth of around 15% over this period time. Similarly, Singapore also has a large propensity to save but over a... Hence, in order to give them a competitive edge in the marriage market, these people try to save more and build up more wealth so that they can find a wife in the future. This is one f most widely accepted the reason for an increase in saving rates in China (Wei, 2010). Another reason for the growth of saving in China is declining dependency ratio. This means that more people nowadays are working in China and hence since the income of people is high they can afford to save more since they do not have to bear the expense of their dependents or people who rely on them. Another reason for this growth in saving rate is the growth of national income and GDP per capita in China. This means that people are earning more than they were earning before and hence this gives them more chances to save their money for future and precautionary motives. If we compare China with other countries with other countries we can say that over time it has become far superior to other countries in terms of saving. China’s propensity to save from the year 1998 to 2008 has increased from 39% of its GDP to 54.3% of its GDP. This shows a growth of around 15% over this period time. Similarly, Singapore also has a large propensity to save but over a decade its growth in saving has been nothing as compared to China. Singapore’s propensity to save has risen only by 5%. Hence, we can also conclude that it is a common practice in this region to save more and hence these countries have a high propensity to save as compared to Western nations.

Theological Themes In The Chronicles Of Narnia Religion Essay

Theological Themes In The Chronicles Of Narnia Religion Essay Four siblings, Peter, Edmund, Susan and Lucy, were evacuated from World War2 to Professor Digorys country house. There was a huge wardrobe in one room of his house. The adventure began when four siblings pass through the door of a mysterious wardrobe into Narnia held captive for a hundred years under the spell of the White Witch. Lucy was the first to enter Narnia. When she returned the others do not believe her story of Narnia. But Edmund entered Narnia too. Finally, however, all four siblings passed through the magical land. Three of siblings joined forces with talking animals who are faithful to Aslan(Turkish for lion)  [1]  , the king of beast, creator of Narnia. Edmund, however, turned betrayer and went over to the White Witchs castle. Aslan paid the terrible cost of Edmunds betrayal by sacrificing his life to save the Edmunds life. With Aslans sacrificed on the Stone Table, the power of magic was broken. Narnia was freed since Aslans resurrection. The creatures that the Whi te Witch had turned to stone were freed by Aslan. The four siblings spent several years in Narnia, growing up into young adults and reigning as kings and queens during Narnias Golden Age. Eventually the four siblings returned to their own world. The Theological Themes The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe- is well known book in the world. The Author C. S. Lewis tells several theological themes through this book. This essay will discuss the theological themes of The Chronicles of Narnia. First of themes is the temptation. When the White Witch met Edmund, she tempted Edmund with Turkish delight. It was so delicious for him so he wanted some more. She asked for him, Son of Adam, I should so much like to see your brother and your sisters. Will you bring them to me?  [2]   When Edmund had Turkish delight, also he had greed. He tried to bring his family and revealed the plan that Aslan is gathering army. Because he wanted get some more Turkish delight and also wanted to be a prince. Thats results, he was trapped into the prison and Aslan was died. The bible says, Each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed. Then, after desire has conceived, it gives birth to sin; and sin, when it is full grown, gives birth to death (James 1 : 14-15). One of the problems with sin is addictive.  [3]  It separates us from God. So, how can we overcome temptation? The bible says, Submit yourselves, then, to God. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you (James 4:7). Second of themes is the spiritual gifts. Father Christmas brought gifts for each of siblings. Peter got the sword and shield. Susan got the bow and quiver of arrow. And Lucy got a diamond bottle of healing cordial and a dagger.  [4]  These gifts are tools that will help them fulfill their calling and face the challenges.  [5]  Jesus sent the Holy Spirit to each one of us. Now to each one the manifestation of the Spirit is given for the common good (1 Corinthians 12:7). All these are the work of one and the same Spirit, and he gives them to each one, just as he determines (1 Corinthians 12:11). Each one of Christians have own special spiritual gifts from God. The last of themes are suffering and resurrection. Aslan is a redeemer. Jesus suffered and died on the cross for our sins. The results, we were freed from sins by his the redemption. Moreover, he resurrected from the death and fulfilled the covenant. Aslan is very similar as Jesus. First, he died on the Stone table for Edmund who betrayed him. Secondly, he resurrected from the death and he set free those the White Witch has held captive and turned to stone.  [6]  The last one is that the Bible tells us, He committed no sin, and no deceit was found in his mouth. When they hurled their insults at him, he did not retaliate; when he suffered, he made no threats. Instead, he entrusted himself to him who judges justly. He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, so that we might to sins and live for righteousness; by his wounds you have been healed (1 Peter 2:22-24). In conclusion, there are several theological themes in the Chronicle of Narnia. However, this is not a bible story but fantasy story that based on the authors theological faith. I received impression through the author. Because, every Christian have faith but they dont express their faith. However, C. S. Lewis expressed his faith through his gift from God that is writing. The more application of gifts is, the better gifts will have.

Federalist Party :: American America History

Federalist Party "Seldom in the nation's history has there been a period so extraordinary in accomplishment as the first decade under the Constitution...." This paper is going to be a step by step evaluation of arguably the most important decade in American History. The time period covered in this paper is 1789-1801. These are the years in which the Federalists had the most influence in the new government. They accomplished an amazing amount in these 12 years. The Federalist Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States. The members of this party supported a strong central government, a large peacetime army and navy, and a stable financial system. Although the first president, George Washington, was not a Federalist, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, was the developer and leader of the Federalist party. Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution so that the central government could become more powerful. Also Hamilton, along with the other party members, believed that commerce and manufacturing were more important than agriculture. Financial Dilemma During the first two years of the new federal government the biggest problem was that of raising money. At first the Congress adopted a small tariff on imports. This was a start but not nearly enough. The government needed this money to maintain its own existence and to be able to pay of the debt. The existence of the government was a necessity, but there was a lot of discussion as to whether the debt should be payed off. The mare magnitude of the debt seemed to compel some measure of avoidance. In 1789, the national debt totaled more than $50 million, $11,700,000 of which was owed to France and Spain and the private bankers of Netherlands, while $40 million was in the form of securities held by citizens of the United States. The interests owed to the bankers were being payed off by loans from the bankers themselves. The government didn't even have enough money to pay the Barbary corsairs for release of captive sailors! When Congress couldn't come up with a solution that was satisfactory, they turned to Alexander Hamilton with the dilemma. He soon proceeded to draw up a full report entitled "Report on Public Credit." In this paper Hamilton proceeded to show that the only way for a new government to establish credit was to deal honestly with its creditors -for in many cases they would be the people to whom the government must look to for future loans. Federalist Party :: American America History Federalist Party "Seldom in the nation's history has there been a period so extraordinary in accomplishment as the first decade under the Constitution...." This paper is going to be a step by step evaluation of arguably the most important decade in American History. The time period covered in this paper is 1789-1801. These are the years in which the Federalists had the most influence in the new government. They accomplished an amazing amount in these 12 years. The Federalist Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States. The members of this party supported a strong central government, a large peacetime army and navy, and a stable financial system. Although the first president, George Washington, was not a Federalist, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, was the developer and leader of the Federalist party. Hamilton believed in a loose interpretation of the Constitution so that the central government could become more powerful. Also Hamilton, along with the other party members, believed that commerce and manufacturing were more important than agriculture. Financial Dilemma During the first two years of the new federal government the biggest problem was that of raising money. At first the Congress adopted a small tariff on imports. This was a start but not nearly enough. The government needed this money to maintain its own existence and to be able to pay of the debt. The existence of the government was a necessity, but there was a lot of discussion as to whether the debt should be payed off. The mare magnitude of the debt seemed to compel some measure of avoidance. In 1789, the national debt totaled more than $50 million, $11,700,000 of which was owed to France and Spain and the private bankers of Netherlands, while $40 million was in the form of securities held by citizens of the United States. The interests owed to the bankers were being payed off by loans from the bankers themselves. The government didn't even have enough money to pay the Barbary corsairs for release of captive sailors! When Congress couldn't come up with a solution that was satisfactory, they turned to Alexander Hamilton with the dilemma. He soon proceeded to draw up a full report entitled "Report on Public Credit." In this paper Hamilton proceeded to show that the only way for a new government to establish credit was to deal honestly with its creditors -for in many cases they would be the people to whom the government must look to for future loans.

Operations Management: Technology and Operations Essay

Effective operations management is one of the most important factors relating to the sucess or in some cases failures of an organisation or company †because markets are volatile and demand uncertain, it is imperative that organisations become more responsive† (Christopher, M 2005:142 ) Because of this; organistaions are becoming heavily reliant on technology to perform duties that simply, because of the scale of operations, are not efficient to do ‘by hand’ . In order to remain competitive, organisations need to respond to the five main objectives of Operations which are : Speed, Flexibility, Dependability, quality and cost. The type of market is the decider of which of these objectives take priority. The aim of this assignment, using several different sources, is to provide an analysis of the technology available in different areas of operations and to provide a commentary on how they are acheiving the goals companies are employing them for. In the retail sector, technology is at the forefront of a smooth and successful operation. Customers will always see their time as a commodity therefore it is important that their experience at the store is as seamless as can be. In this consumerist age that we live in, customers are demanding a lot more from retailers. For example; customers expect that if they give their details once, they will be recorded ‘on the system’ which eliminates the need for them to produce them again. One of the methods used to aid this is the Electronic Point Of Sale system. Initially introduced to automatically tally the total of goods purchased, EPOS systems have evolved to be multifuntional and serve many purposes. Fashion jewellery retailer Swarovski are one of the many companys that use such a system. Initially, the programme used by Swarovski was a DOS based one called Retail Pro. By definition of RetailPro.Com (2011) †Retail Pro provides retail software for point of sale and retail management that helps retailers around the world operate more effectively, with a greater return on their technology investment.† This system however was not able to cope with their expansion as a company and according to a member of staff in the I.T. Department † it was becoming ‘Increasingly difficult to manage and was requiring more human intervention than was justifiable for the price’. (Stewart Pender. 2011). In May 2011, Swarovski swithched to a more advanced EPOS system that was able to efficiently manage their Point Of Sale (POS), Merchandising, Store operations and inventory control with a higher level efficiency and dependability at a lower cost. Micros was the new software introduced to Swarovski to improve efficiency and aid smoother operations. This new system also meant that their inventory control was now fully automated and linked directly to the EPOS. Micros designed their Micros X-Store to be able to monitor stock levels. Once an item is scanned on the EPOS sytem, unbeknownst to the customer the system interacts with the SAP (a global computer system to which Swarovski have access) to communicate that the item has been sold, therefore stock levels are now down by one. This occurs in Swarovski everytime an item is sold up until the cut off time, which is monday afternoon. Once the afternoon comes, the Mircos X-Store system culminates all the data it has gathered over the week and works out the ideal quantity of each individual item to re order against current inventory levels. Once this has been done, the sytems sends the order to head office where it can then be forwarded to the warehouse for picking and delivery. The automated re ordering improves lead times and overall speed of stock replenishment times. Aside from the merchandising aspect, the Micros X-Store is capable of handling human resource functions. It can manage employee reproductivity reports, employee borrow function (temporarily assigning collegues to other stores) and organise and manage customer information. Working from a fully automated warehouse the SCP Sytem receives the orders and begins to work on store specific order fufilment . Firstly, the order goes through what is called the ‘Schaefer Pack Pattern Generator’ (SPPG) which based on many complex alogarithyms, determines the optimum weight and height for the finished pallate depending on the weight and amzingly ‘stackability’ of the individual items in the order. By doing this, the SPPG can reduce the amount of pallates needing therefeore havign a direct positive impact on shipping and transport costs. As well as all of this, the SPPG generates a ‘pallate building plan’. This plan enables the next system to pick the items in the most logical sequence in relation to time and allows the items to be placed on the pallate in a ‘store friendly sequence’. By organising items into a store friendly sequence, the person unloading the items at the store does not need to spend time wandering back and forth as the items would have been palatised in respect to the store. Already a seemingly small software package has had an incredible impact on the effectiveness , efficiency and cost by †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Fully utilising maximum height and weight permittance by achieveing optimium packaging density †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Forecasting item positioning as to reduce damage to goods †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Positioning goods correctly for optimum stability during transport. After the SPPG has done its job, another programme; Schaefer Case Picking (SCP) sytem comes in. The SCP is an automated picking system that actualises the work of the SPPG. Once it has received teh orders from the SPPG, the SCP goes about selecting the goods in order. As aforementioned, the goods are selected in the most time effeicent was as to once again improve efficiency and reduce manual labour costs. As the sytems uses an optical identification known as ‘ the vision system’, there is no need for RFID Identification tags that are very common and popular in the industry, but can be rather expensive. As the goods are selected, they are placed into a buffer area until all the goods for that order have been selected. When selection is complete the items are then placed onto the pallet in the ‘store friendly order’ as calculated by the SPPG. Once complete, the pallets are then stretch wrapped which makes them optimised in terms of goods vs density and secure for transit. The flexibility they have means that the customer’s best interests are always kept at heart and they can avoid any disruption to service by having a multitude of couriers to choose from.   One of the couriers that ASOS use is CitySprint. Based in the UK, CitySprint specialise in same and next day delivery. When an order is placed with ASOS, it is packaged by hand in the warehouse and taken to the collection point. ‘Despite increasing automation, people are still essential in most operating systems’. (Wild, R. 2005 243) From the minute it is picked up by the courier the customer has the option to track it from warehouse to their front door. By scanning the bar code of the parcel, the courier is ‘accepting the job’ and it is ready for despatch. As soon as the order has been despatched, the customer is e-mailed a unique tracking I.D., Which will allow them to follow the journey of their item(s). CourierLocator, which is CitySprint’s own technology, is what allows all of this to be possible. Every courier carries a small hand held GPS enabled device called a CityTrackker. Small but powerful, the CityTrackker’s; using CitySprint bespoke technology and a network of anywhere up to 24 satellites wirelessly transmits live real-time information on the couriers location (including latitude and longitude) back to the FleetMapper (A system that depicts the location of all ‘on call’ couriers). On request, the client (in this case ASOS) can request information on several different couriers anywhere in the UK at the click of a mouse. This kind of technology also puts the customer at the forefront of operations. By logging onto either their ASOS account, or the CitySprint website directly, the customer is able to also see the exact real-time location of the courier delivering their parcel. With such methods, ASOS; using CitySprint’s technology, is giving the customer more flexibility and a heightened sense of dependability by putting them in what seems to be control of the delivery process.

Gap Year Ideas and Tips for Everyone Who Wants to Take a Year Off

Gap Year Ideas and Tips for Everyone Who Wants to Take a Year Off Studying might be so exhausting and frustrating that it makes you think of having a little break from all of these books and papers. A gap year is a wonderful chance to get to know yourself better and decide what you want to do in your life. Should You Have a Gap Year? Many students ask â€Å"Is a gap year a good idea?† Of course, there is no answer that will suit every student and every situation. It all depends and might be your blessing and your fail. If you think that you cant decide what career path is just for you, then you might have a break to try different jobs. You might also need a gap year to travel or simply have some rest before diving into your college routine. So, think about this year as an opportunity to grow, challenge yourself to leave your comfort zone and learn new skills that you might need in the future. Eventually, you might just need some extra money before continuing your education. Gap Year Pros and Cons If you ask yourself â€Å"Should I take a gap year?† you definitely should be aware of the pitfalls and benefits of taking a gap year. Lets take a look at the key points that we picked relying on the experience of students who took their year off after high school or college. Benefits: An opportunity to get more work experience. An opportunity to travel and have more spare time. A chance to try yourself in different spheres before actually picking a specialization. An opportunity to make some money and save for college. An opportunity to help your parents improve their financial situation. A chance to clarify your thoughts and define your goals. Disadvantages: A high chance of feeling lonely because friends went to colleges. A high chance of spending more than earning. A detailed plan is needed. High costs that you need to manage yourself. Being a year behind your classmates. A high chance of never completing education because of finding a good job or losing a desire to study at all. Of course, some of these points might have a more significant impact on you and your decision, so consider whats going to be better in a particular situation. Basically, even though many people might feel frustrated and confused through their gap year, the majority of student admits that taking a gap year was a great decision that helped them define their goals. Specific Ideas on How to Spend a Gap Year So, what can you do to make this time full of emotions and opportunities? Here, we have a few ideas of what you can do during your gap year. Volunteering One of the best ways to find out your inner strength and calmness is to go volunteering. By helping the ones in need you can make a great contribution to the world and express your gratitude for everything that you have now.  Volunteering provides you with lots of benefits that might surprise you. You can choose the sphere of volunteering that you like the most – charity, animal shelters, climate change, zero waste campaigns, fundraising campaigns, etc. Visit your local communities to know more about how you can help. You can even try to establish your own campaign and attract contributors from your location. Traveling Traveling is what the majority of people enjoy and would like to do instead of sitting in the offices all day long. So, before starting your life as an adult with lots of responsibilities, have a fun time with your friends or on your own traveling around the globe. By the way, traveling is one the best gap year ideas after college and high school or even through adult gap years. We have made a list of  the best destinations for travelling in between your studying, so you definitely should check it out. Some cool travel goals for you: Feed fruits to an elephant in South East Asia. Take a selfie standing on the Great Wall of China. Visit charming waterfalls of Costa Rica. Try shark-cage diving in South Africa. Ride a buggy through the Arabian desert. You can find some cool remote jobs to be able to pay for your living and food. Some of the best travel jobs you can find on websites like Expert Vagabond or The Broke Backpacker. We also suggest you look for some educational videos on YouTube with tips and tricks on how you can travel on a budget or being paid for traveling. For example, VagaBrothers,  Exploring Alternatives,  Fun For Louis, and others share their travel experience and give useful advice on how you can save some money while traveling, living and working in various places. Would you like to have a hobby like travel vlogging? Check out some other weird hobbies that can brighten up your life. Teaching English Even if your English is not brilliant, you can still find a job abroad or online to work with people who want to learn English as a foreign language. Teaching is not the easiest job ever, of course, but you can make some good money while teaching what you already know. Moreover, you will get excellent experience and an opportunity to get to know other cultures and people. Here is a list of apps that you might find useful for improving your English. Teaching English as a Foreign Language (TEFL) qualification is what usually required by employers in the case if you want to teach English abroad. TEFL courses will allow you to work in schools and other learning institutions even if you dont have previous teaching experience. You can find TEFL courses and materials on the following platforms TEFLcourse MyTEFL InternationalTEFLAcademy TEFL.com Some of these platforms will allow you to instantly see which job opportunities you will have after finishing the courses so you can plan your trip beforehand. Taking Courses Part-time courses are great for you when you are on your gap year. You can choose what and where you want to learn as you can take courses abroad. The variety of subjects is impressing – you can learn almost everything including languages, medicine, journalism, arts, etc. Check out the gap year programs that are offered by  UCAS, Study Abroad and Go Overseas. Travel the world and study remotely with convenient online courses to get in-depth knowledge and useful skills. Working or Taking an Internship If you dont know what to do in a gap year at home, think about making some money that you can later spend for college. Your location probably has a variety of vacant places that will gladly hire you for this year. Working will allow you also get useful skills and have something to add to your resume. Internships are also a great way to spend your gap year with the benefits for your future career. Adding internship to your academic record will definitely improve your chances of getting a better job after completing your education. You can find a suitable internship program in your location or abroad on platforms like  GapYear, Uncollege, USA Gap Year Fairs, etc. Wrapping Up Taking a year off is not a rare case among the students nowadays. Some students just need some time to make a decision, others try to have as much adventure travel experience as possible. And there are also students who never complete their education once taking a gap year. If you want to know what other opportunities you have if not going to college, read our article. A student who takes a gap year also needs to understand that: The expectations rarely become a reality Its essential to have a plan before making any decision One will definitely face ups and downs through the gap year Being uncertain and confused is totally normal Being disappointed in the chosen sphere is also normal. Eventually, you will find the one that you are searching for. Set goals for yourself and make sure not to waste your time but spending it with benefits for your self-development. This way, you might have the best time in your life.

Synonymous vs. Nonsynonymous Mutations - Definitions

Synonymous vs. Nonsynonymous Mutations - Definitions Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the carrier of all the genetic information in a living thing. DNA is like a blueprint for what genes an individual has and the characteristics the individual shows (the genotype and phenotype, respectively). The processes by which DNA is translated using Ribonucleic acid (RNA) into a protein is called transcription and translation. DNAs message is copied by messenger RNA during transcription and then that message is decoded during translation to make amino acids. Strings of amino acids are then put together in the right order to make proteins that express the right genes. This is an intricate process that happens quickly, so there are bound to be mistakes, most of which are caught before they are made into proteins, but some slip through the cracks. Some of these mutations are minor and do not change anything. These DNA mutations are called synonymous mutations. Others can change the gene that is expressed and the phenotype of the individual. Mutations that do change the amino acid, and usually the protein, are called nonsynonymous mutations. Synonymous Mutations Synonymous mutations are point mutations, meaning they are just a miscopied DNA nucleotide that only changes one base pair in the RNA copy of the DNA. A codon in RNA is a set of three nucleotides that encode a specific amino acid. Most amino acids have several RNA codons that translate into that particular amino acid. Most of the time, if the third nucleotide is the one with the mutation, it will result in coding for the same amino acid. This is called a synonymous mutation because, like a synonym in grammar, the mutated codon has the same meaning as the original codon and therefore does not change the amino acid. If the amino acid does not change, then the protein is also unaffected. Synonymous mutations do not change anything and no changes are made. That means they have no real role in the evolution of species since the gene or protein is not changed in any way. Synonymous mutations are actually fairly common, but since they have no effect, then they are not noticed. Nonsynonymous Mutations Nonsynonymous mutations have a much greater effect on an individual than a synonymous mutation. In a nonsynonymous mutation, there is usually an insertion or deletion of a single nucleotide in the sequence during transcription when the messenger RNA is copying the DNA. This single missing or added nucleotide causes a frameshift mutation which throws off the entire reading frame of the amino acid sequence and mixes up the codons. This usually does affect the amino acids that are coded for and change the resulting protein that is expressed. The severity of this kind of mutation depends on how early in the amino acid sequence it happens. If it happens near the beginning and the entire protein is changed, this could become a lethal mutation. Another way a nonsynonymous mutation can occur is if the point mutation changes the single nucleotide into a codon that does not translate into the same amino acid. A lot of times, the single amino acid change does not affect the protein very much and is still viable. If it happens early in the sequence and the codon is changed to translate into a stop signal, then the protein will not be made and it could cause serious consequences. Sometimes nonsynonymous mutations are actually positive changes. Natural selection may favor this new expression of the gene and the individual may have developed a favorable adaptation from the mutation. If that mutation occurs in the gametes, this adaptation will be passed down to the next generation of offspring. Nonsynonymous mutations increase the diversity in the gene pool for natural selection to work on and drive evolution on a microevolutionary level.

Macroeconomics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Macroeconomics - Case Study Example Due to this fact among others, there has been a suggestion that the unemployment rate that has been released by the government are not exactly accurate and may actually be higher than the numbers stated (Nutting). However, taking this mode of argument means that one has to consider a number of factors before they are in agreement with the authors of these articles. For instance, the fact that one may be hindered from looking for a job by circumstances such as other duties and responsibilities like childcare and homecare does not mean that given the chance these individuals would actively search for employment opportunities. One has to factor in the issue of willingness as well as determination especially in a time where one can easily search for jobs online without having to leave the comfort of their homes. There are also various jobs that one can perform from their homes and thus if these individuals have not tried to get these kind of employment opportunities it can be established that they would look for the more traditional forms of work had they had an opportunity. The issue of being discouraged by the current economic situation and perhaps their failure in the past can also not be seen as a serious hindrance as this is a factor that can be overcome by willpower and determination. It can thus be correct to come to the conclusion that the real unemployment rate is not as accurate as one would think (Nutting). The issue of long term unemployment is also another subject that should be considered in matters of unemployment in relation to the available job opportunities that currently exist in the market. It has been seen that those who experience longer periods of time without employment have a lesser chance of getting a job as time goes on. This is because many employers tend to favor individuals who have a smaller gap between their status of unemployment and their last job (Coy). Long term

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 15

Philosophy - Essay Example However, most of these literary writings have vanished, as only some tattered bits are available now. Plato wrote around twenty-three philosophical dialogues, which Socrates had with his followers. Plato’s republic is the most important of such writings, as the same is being investigated philosophically, even in the current materialistic technological age. Plato’s Republic is recorded in Book, numbered 1 to10. This paper will discuss mainly the topic from book one. As per the Plato’s Republic, book one, while discussing on various issues, Socrates poses the question regarding the definition of happiness and justice, to his followers and critics. Socrates is not able to answer this question directly, even when he rejects the others’ views on â€Å"what is justice†.. However, Plato has given a rich and detailed theory of justice as detailed by Socrates, in the books of Republic.(337b) Plato’s Republic details the Socrates views on the issue, which is for the critics also to review. Although, the early dialogues reveals the position of Socrates viewing this on moralistic values, the later dialogues involve theories related to metaphysics, religion and psychology etc..These dialogues recorded in detail in books from 2 to 10 As per Plato’s Republic, its book 1 details about the returning of Socrates and his friend Glaucon, from a religious festival, when they meet young Polemarchus. On the insistence of this young noble, Socrates visits the home of Polemarchus, where the visitors also meet his aging father Cephalous Socrates starts conversation with the old man on the growing age. However, soon the topic of discussion turns to justice. Cephalous is a respected elder man of the region who is rich as well. During such conversation, Cephalous is of the view that justice means meeting one’s obligations and being honest towards others.(330) However, as per the Plato’s version in Republic book 1 and 2, Socrates is not able to agree