Los Angeles sky-rocketing Essay Example for Free

Los Angeles sky-rocketing EssayA1. The existence of poverty is not directly related to the keep down of natural resources a country owns or not. Poverty, in todays world greatly depends on the ability to exploit those natural resources. Countries in southeastern America are blessed with significant amounts of natural resources. Yet, when one travels to these places, it is amazing to see the amount of poverty that still prevails in that location. The question of the existence of poverty when thither are enough natural resources to eradicate them is a natural instinct from the human mind. But it should be remembered that economic welfare and growth and development every depend to a great extent on the human capital available to tap in those resources. It is not possible for a country to recede poverty on the basis of natural resources if there are not enough skilled workers or entrepreneurs willing to take the risk of exploiting these resources. Equally grievous is government support and willingness to explore these natural resources.It should also be remembered that despite the availability of natural resources some countries cannot get rid of the poverty crisis due to there being not enough initiatives form the government and people within these countries owing to the prevailing economic conditions of these countries. A2. The lowering of matter to rates by the U. S. federal official resulted in a lot of dollars floating around in peoples pockets. These had to be invested somewhere this led to the ask for homes in Los Angeles sky-rocketing.However, this surge in require adage a surge in home prices by an average of 250%. (How Low will Los Angeles Home Prices Go? ) Buyers cannot keep up pace with the high increases in house prices for so long. The supply of homes in Los Angeles is not at its saturation point. With new constructions in full swing and a lot of mega projects underway, there is greedy supply of Los Angeles houses in the next five years or so. The demand for houses grew since the federal interest rates were cut. This led to a double phenomenon of growing demand as well as growing supply.In terms of economics, this leads to high equilibrium prices but the equilibrium quantity depends on the magnitude of the increases in demand and supply. In the case of Los Angeles houses, the demand has grown more than the supply. Therefore, many well-price houses are still selling. However, in the long-run this is a bubble-burst situation. There is a high accident of the home prices in Los Angeles bursting out of reach of the average buyer. This bubble could continue to grow till there is a shift in Federal interest rates.This could happen by the end of 2008 or at the beginning of 2009. Till then, I would expect house prices to continue growing at a libertine pace while supply would be consolidated. Therefore, then I would expect the price bubble to burst by the beginning of 2009, or due to a major change in monetary policy by t he Fed.BibliographyHow Low will Los Angeles Home Prices Go? City-Data. com. 4 July 2008 http//www. city-data. com/forum/california/137609-how-low-will-california-home-prices-3. html.

Intelligence Led Policing Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Led Policing EssayIntelligence Led Policing is a strategy that reduces horror through a strategic management and effective enforcement of strategies that target prolific offenders. In order to reduce social harm, the police have to work out wider partners for wider capableness solutions. The police have to combine their knowledge on criminal intelligence with crime analysis knowledge so as to come up with a substantial decision. It aims in achieving crime reduction and prevention by disrupting the activities of offenders through employment of a top-down management approach. Another way of predicting a prolific offender is through strategic targeting and prioritization. Targeting should be strategic towards individuals, location or operations that will produce the trump out results and success, thus enabling police officers to work effectively (Peterson, 2005). In addition, the information should be from reliable sources so as to allow the best results without bre aching innocent peoples rights. Another issue is the uptake of previous crimes records as indicators so as to foster preventive measures in order to mitigate the offender from committing crimes.This operation can happen to be the best given that the information at hand is reliable but it can be unethical if the target happens to be clean (Peterson, 2005). Furthermore, through proper entropy collection either through physical surveillance, electronic surveillance, confidential informants, and public records or under covers operators who have provided vital information which after being analyze they guarantee success.In conclusion, Intelligence Led policing focuses on certain criminal activities and key criminals can be targeted for inquiry after there problems are assessed. Moreover, nearly character and upbringing traits are use to predict recidivist behavior which helps in predicting prolific offenders and it tries to capture both operational and ethical issues. The number of m easure an offender has appeared in court, drug users and having delinquent acquaintances foster a good prolific offender target.

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essaya) Outline two psychological theories of aggression (12 marks) b) Evaluate two theories of aggression that you outlined in part a) in terms of relevant seek studies (12 marks) a) Outline and evaluate two psychological theories of aggression (24 marks) Aggression is an example of anti-social behaviour. It has been defined as whatsoever form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring a nonher living being who is motivated to avoid such harm. Social Psychological theories of aggression These inform aggression as a result of social interactionsSocial Learning Theory (SLT) One of the well-nigh influential theories of aggression is the Social Learning speculation put forward by Bandura (1973). The nature of the surmisal suggests human aggression is learned either through direct experience or by discover aggressive behaviour in other people i. e. indirect experience. Bandura produced two assumptions in relation to the social learning system. He stated that if a kidskin acts acutely against another child and as a result gets what they want, their aggressive behaviour has been reinforced.This is an example of learning by direct experience, derived from the principles of the traditional learning theory operant and classical conditioning. Secondly, he stated that if a child observes another person behaving in an aggressive manner, they may imitate that behaviour them selves, particularly if they discern the model reinforced for behaving in that way. This is an example of vicarious experience. Results from Banduras studies have shown that children are more likely to imitate models if they are similar to themselves, have about class of status or who are seen to be rewarded for their actions.He in like manner applied these positionors to his Social Learning theory. Bobo Doll postulate Bandura (1961) Support for the Social Learning theory comes from studies using Bobo dolls (an inflatable toy). This w as conducted by Bandura et al (1961). He carried out a study where Nursery school children watched a film where an adult model behaved aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The adult model displayed some distinctive physical acts of aggression, for example kicking it and using verbal aggression such as prisoner of warFollowing this, the children were taken to a direction and shown attractive toys that they were forbidden to play with. This created a sense of frustration within the children. They were then taken to a room containing a Bobo doll and other toys and were then rated for the amount of aggression they showed. Bandura found that children in the aggressive condition reproduced the physical and verbal behaviours modelled by the adult. In argument children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression towards the doll. This shows that children can acquire aggressive behaviours from watching the actions of others.Evidence that supports the Soci al Learning Theory Further research evidence has been carried out in relation to aggression which supports Banduras theory. Silvern and Williamson (1987) investigated the effect video games have on aggression. They found that aggression levels in children increased aft(prenominal) playing violent games. This suggests that this was collectible to imitation or modelling. However, the study lacks validity because it only identifies short term aggression, not long term aggression in that locationfore, it does not prove any permanent effects.Furthermore, Margeret and Mead (1935) studied aggression in relation to cross cultural differences. She studied three New Gunea phratrys and found that each tribe behaved different in terms of aggressive tendencies. This suggests that the fact that some societies were more aggressive than others supports the role of social learning in aggression. However, the fact that the men were relatively more aggressive in each society suggests that some as pects of aggression are biologically determined. Evidence that challenges the Social Learning TheoryHowever, this theory has been challenged by a number of psychologists. Johnston et al (1977) carried out another study in which he found that children who behaved some aggressively towards the doll were the ones rated by the teachers as most violent generally. Also, Durkin (1995) suggested that Bandura made no distinguish between aggressive behaviour and play fighting. These studies therefore suggest that the findings from the Bobo Doll study lack reliability. In addition, the study has ethical issues as it encourages aggression in children.Furthermore, the situation is unlike a lot of real-life modeling as hitting a doll is no the alike(p) as hitting a person. This leads to the assumption that Bandura over exaggerated the extent to which children imitate the behaviour of models. This also leads to the criticism that the study lacks ecological validity due to its artificial setting therefore the results may not apply to real life. Also, some critics argue that the children were manipulated into responding to the aggressive movie. This was because the children were teased and became aggressive because they could not touch the toys.Finally, there is a problem that the study suffers from high demand characteristics due to the children being given cues how to behave, resulting in the participants to behave in certain predictable ways. choice theories Alternative social psychological theories of aggression have also been produced, challenging the idea that aggression is solely based upon imitation, modelling and reinforcement. Deindividuation theory One of these is the Deindividuation theory proposed by Zimbardo (1969). Deindividuation refers to the loss of a sense of personality identity that can occur when we are for example, in a large crowd or wearing a mask.We then become more likely to engage in anti-social, un-socialised behaviour. Zimbardo (1969) distingui shed between individual behaviour, which conforms to acceptable social standards, and deindividuated behaviour, which does not conform to societys social norms. He claimed that people dont normally act aggressively because they are easily identifiable in societies that have strong norms against aggressive behaviour. Being anonymous (and therefore effectively unaccountable) in a crowd has the consequence of reducing inner restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited.According to Zimbardo, being in part of a crowd can reduce awareness of our own individuality. In a large crowd, each person is faceless and anonymous (so the larger the group, the greater the anonymity), reducing the upkeep of negative evaluation of our actions and a diminishing the sense of guilt. Therefore, individuals feel less constrained by the norms of social behaviour and as a result, they may be more inclined to act in an anti-social way. This is supported by Mann (1981) who found evidence of Deindividuation in the baiting crowd (crowds who frequently baited a potential self-destruction victim to jump).Mann found that baiting increased under conditions which increased the anonymity of the crowd (e. g. numbers, darkness and distance from the victim). This therefore supports the claim that deindividuation increases aggressive behaviour. The deindividuation theory is also supported by Zimbardo (1969) who left abandoned cars in New York and a small town in California. He found the abandoned car in the big city was stripped and vandalised very quickly whereas the one in the small town was left alone.This suggests that the larger the group, the more anonymous the individual is and, consequently, the more extreme the antisocial behaviour becomes. Futhermore, Zimbardo (1963) conducted a study specifically to demonstrate the effects of deindividuation on aggression. Participants were asked to shock a confederate. Some were deindividuated (wore a hood, no label were used and the y sat in a dimly lit room) and others were easily identifiable (they wore name tags and sat in a bright room). The findings showed that the deindividuated students administered the most shocks, i.e. were most aggressive, suggesting that deindividuation plays a role in producing anti-social behaviour. However, the major difficulty with using Deindividuation as an explanation for aggression is the fact that it does not always lead to aggression. In some circumstances it can lead to high levels of pro-social behaviour, for example wearing a nurses uniform. Overall Evaluation Overall, the Social learning theory can account for the fact that a persons aggressive behaviour may not be consistent across different situations.It may be reinforced in some situations, provided punished in others (context-dependant learning). Furthermore, studies carried out into video games and aggressions are consistent with the Social Learning theory. However, alternative explanations such as the biological explanation (e. g. levels of testosterone are link to aggressive behaviour) challenge the view that social learning is the primary causal factor in aggression. In addition, the social learning theory is limited in scope because aggression doesnt just depend on observational learning.This is supported by cross cultural evidence which demonstrates that some aspects of aggression are innate. cause of environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour Use for Describe and evaluate research (theories or studies) into the effects of two or more environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour (24 marks) A number of environmental factors have been identified as triggers for aggression. Some of these possible environmental features are temperature, overcrowding and noise.

Comparing Human Resources United States And Japan Commerce Essay

Comparing human race Resources United States And japan Commerce Essay relative HRM seeks to describe, comp be and analyse the way human resource management and deployment is carried out in various countries amid the globalisation of businesses, people, goods and services. Although most HRM systems across the globe will turn back similar c solely functions as recruitment, deployment, compensation, as well as training and development, the ways they argon carried out in each country ar very(prenominal) much influenced by the varying field of study culture and the institutional frame excogitate and settings. Differences in these contexts and environment play a key habit in how HRM pr human coiffeivityices argon carried out, defined and accepted across regions and nations.Universalist Vs ContextualFundamentally, there are deuce go aboutes to exploring HRM the universalist approach and the contextual (Brewster, 1999) approach. These two approaches are reflected in two further di chotomies the cultural and institutional school of differences, and the convergence and divergence schools of thought.The universalist paradigm, which is dominant in the USA, assumes that the purpose of HRM is to improve the way human resources are managed strategically so as to achieve organisational performance and goals, as judged by its impact on a companys declared corporate strategy and its heedive stakeholders (Brewster, 2011). Based upon this imagination is the assumption that there exists a good standard practice of HRM which were characterised by the US Department of Labor (1993) as having reliable characteristicsCareful and extensive systems for recruitment, selection and trainingFormal systems for sharing information with the individuals who work in the organisationClear patronage designLocal- take aim participation proceduresMonitoring of attitudesPerformance appraisalsProperly work grievance proceduresPromotion and compensation schemes that stomach for the recogn ition and financial rewarding of extravagantly-performing members of the workforce.However, other researchers and practiti singlers, especially those with knowledge and inte lives in other countries, find the list turnaround to their own experience and what they perceive of as good practice. For example, companies operating in a high might-distance environment with a heavy top- stack management approach whitethorn not find it a necessity to implement local-level participation procedures or grievance channels.In contrasts, the contextual paradigm tenseness recognises that different HRM systems are contextually unique. It focuses on asking the hows and the whys of the existence of different perceptions and practices of HRM in different countries. The policies and practices of leading-edge companies are of less interest to contextualists than explaining how certain labour markets work and why certain practices are adopted by most. And contrary to the Universalist approach, measurem ent and attainment of organisational performance is secondary.Contextualists explore the giganticness of factors such as cultures, labour market regulations, constituent of governments, weddings, and ownership structures in influencing HRM and accepts that inside an organisation, people has differing views, beliefs, needs and requirements.The universalist paradigm excludes much of the work of HRM specialists in areas such as compliance, equation issues, trade union relationships and dealing with government and other governing bodies, due to its focus of operation deep down the level of the organisation. Contextualists, on the other hand, involve themselves beyond the organisation level to issues at the national or international level.Culturalist Vs InstitutionalistWithin the Contextualist paradigm, there are two schools of thought, namely the cultural school and the institutional school. Proponents of the culturalist approach would argue that national cultural differences while difficult to observe and measure, are important in pliant the ways human resources are managed and deployed across different countries or regions. affectionateization is defined as a set of shared nurse, assumptions and beliefs that are learnt through membership in a gathering, and that influence the attitudes and behavious of group members (Pankaj, G., 2011). This definition includes 3 key characteristics First, culture fag be beneathstood as a group phenomenon that distinguishes people of one group from another. From this perspective, cultures exist at galore(postnominal) different levels, including organizational funchtions or business units, occupational groups, organizations, industries, geographical regions, and nations (Kwok Leung 2005).Second, the above definition implies that culture is not obtained by birth but rather acquired through a offshoot of socialization. The learning of shared values, assumptions and beliefs occurs through interactions family, teachers, officials, experiences and society at large. Geert Hofstede speaks of culture as a process of collective programming of the mind(Hofstede, G., 1980). Third, it is this collective programming that de confinesines what is considered acceptable or attractive behaviour. In other words, cultural values provide preferences or priorities for one behaviour over another.Cultural value differences pose persisted to exist disdain some convergences in cultural habits, artefacts and symbols. For example, in Korea, employees observe a strict code of deference and utmost submissiveness to their superiors while a Swedish or danish pastry employee might feel more(prenominal) at ease to challenge their superiors over a differing opinion. Some cultures put more emphasis on honesty whilst others on loyalty to friends and relationships.From the perspective of institutional theory, organisational decision making is not an outcome just of strategic choice but in like manner of powerful social forces at heart and outside organisations. The forces emanate from social institutions such as region, family, work, school, politics (Berger P.L. and Luckman T., 1967). The theory acknowledges that organisations operate within a specific political, economic, social and technological environment in the main shaped by history. In order to be effective in that environment, these organisations need to manage in way that recognise the local circumstances and take a leak and sustain legitimacy with key stakeholders. For example, in Europe compared to USA, the government plays a larger role in deciding how employees is to be protected of their jobs and what terms they are to be employed.Convergence Vs DivergenceFor at least(prenominal) four decades the international management literature has been characterized by tworecurring and very central occupations on the macro (country) level the so-called convergence vs.divergence debate, which remains a key point of controversy in cross-cultural m anagement and,on the meso (company) level, the standardisation vs. localization debate, one of the centralquestions in the literature on multinational corporations (MNCs). Since HRM deals with the management of people, it is often seen as one of the functions that will be least credibly to converge across countries and where MNCs are more likely to localize their practices than to export their country-of-origin practices. While there is considerable support for this assumption, the question remains whether the increasing importance of globalization and the ever-growing presence of MNCs will not diminish the localization of practices. In this context, the dominance effect assumes particular importance. It occurs when management practices of subsidiaries are neither shaped in accordance to the host country (localization), nor to the home country (country-of-origin effect), but according to that country which sets the standards for what are perceived global best practices. (Markus ,P . and Anne-Wil, H. 2007)The convergence vs divergence debate is one between those who argue that all aspects of management are becoming more alike due to the forces of globalisation and those who think that each country continues to have its own approach to management and HRM, in particular.Convergence can be viewed from a market- found perspective where the logic and diffusion of technology and data mean that in order to get by successfully, everyone will seek to adopt the most efficient management and HRM practices (Kidger P.J., 1991). The predominant model is assumed to be the US univeralist model (Smith C. and Meiskins P., 1995). This is also referred to as the dominance effect as mentioned above. From the institutional perspective, similar legislation or institutional framework across a region or group of countries e.g. the European Union would mean more similarities in the ways countries handle HRM.On the other end of the wider debate, the concepts of cultural differences an d institutional theory would support the argument for divergence. Proponents of divergence theory do not believe that the same management or HRM practices can be used across different countries due to the shaping forces of cultural and institutional differences, and that practitioners must be aware of, infrastand and respond to these national differences.Hofstedes study of cultureProfessor Geert Hofstede conducted one of the most comprehensive studies of how values in the workplace are influenced by national culture. (Hofstede 1980, 2001) He started off with analyzing a large data base of employee values scores gathered by IBM between 1967 and 1973 covering more than 70 countries, from which he first started development the 40 different largest companies and further ex played the analysis to 50 other countries. Hofstedes value dimensions comprise of Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, individualisation and maleness.Power distance Power distance is the extent to which the membe rs of power distance organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. ( Hofstede 1980, 2001)Individualism vs.collectivism The degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. In individualistic societies, the stress is put on personal achievements and individual rights. In contrast, the individuals in collectivist societies act predominantly as members of a life eagle-eyed and cohesive group or organization.UncertaintyAvoidance The focuses on the tolerance level for suspense andambiguity within the society. It reflects the extent to which members of a society attempt to cope withanxietyby minimizing uncertainty.Masculinityvs.Femininity The distribution of emotional roles between thegenders. Masculine cultures values arecompetitiveness,assertiveness,materialism, ambition and power, whereas feminine cultures place more value onrelationshipsandquality of life.Geert Hofstede added a fifth dimension after conducting an additional international study using a Chinese value survey instrument developed within the Chinese region. Hofstede described this dimension as Confusion Dynamism which is also cognize as Long Term Orientation.Long-Term Orientation vs. Short-Term Orientation The degree of focus on the society embraces dealing with virtue. Societies with a short-term preference generally have a healthy concern with establishing the absolute Truth. In societies with a long-term orientation, people believe that truth depends very much on circumstance, contexture and timing. lacquer HRM practices vs. America HRM practicesJapan as one of the world major growing economies, has a homogenous culture which many countries have tried to emulate the management policies and practices with varying degrees of success. The Japanese society is passing characterised by a strong sense of group and community. Strong loyalty enrooted in their character, for which they are active to sacrifice their personal interests for the benefit of th e group. In contrast, America being the world most dominant leader, has a influential management style and culture contexts. The rest of the world has looked upon it as models and sources of managerial innovations. American strong strategic and comprehensive approach to managing people make it the top notch leader in todays Human Resource Management.Differences in Power Distance between Japan and AmericaJapanese are mindful of their hierarchical position in any social setting and act accordingly to the existing culture. Culture in Japan are define as high power distance as mostly of the decisions must be confirmed by each hierarchical layer and finalised by the top management. An example is the Ringi method of decision making. This process involves a great deal of informal consultation and leads to the preparation of a written proposal which is circulated to affected employees by the implementation and then to the senior management level. Being a particularistic country, employees i n Japanese company are treated based on ranks and seniority and the number of years they served in that particular company. Long term and life-time employment are often offer for continuous core employees who are loyal and display commitment to the company.On the other hand, American displayed small power distance. They tends to treat people fairly. American hierarchy is being established for convenience purpose. Communication is open, informal and direct. They tends to express what they admitly mean without talking around things. leaders are approachable and accessible and individuals are being rely based on their expertise.Collectivistic Japanese vs. Individualism AmericanJapanese society shows many characteristics of being a collectivistic society and also being classified as collectivistic by Western standards. The integration of the individual into groups is part of the leash goal in Japanese society. Relationship and harmony becomes an crucial part of the working society an d prevails over business itself. Mass focus in strong group -cohesiveness include extended families such as putting harmony of group above the expression of individual opinions is the differentiated characteristics in which Japanese displayed. The Japanese emphasize teamwork, participation and leadership in the organisation. They discourages open expression and open conflict because of the importance of avoiding embarrassment.American comprises highly individualistic culture. They are self-focused and prefer to act as individuals rather than members of the group. There is individual freedom and success to purse ones career progression and interests and they believe individuals can shape and have ones destinies. Employees are more concerned with their own careers and personal success rather than the goals of the organisation. They do at times, displayed collectivism in the face of a common threat.Masculinity focus vs. Masculinity focus in Japan and AmericaJapan is one of the most ma sculine societies in the world which is highly driven by competition, achievement and success. level off at the very young age, they are being taught on the importance of winning. And in corporate Japan, employees strive to the best of their abilities when they are fighting against their competitors in winning. On the other hand, It is still tentatively hard for women to climb up the corporate ladders in Japan with their masculine norm of long working hours which result in highdiscrimination against woman. In contrast, Male seniors are still much more appreciated and stand a higher chance in achieving the forward motion opportunities.American are ambitious, competitive, goal oriented and high achievers. American tends to display and talk openly in a friendly manner on their achievements. In the States, hiring and firing employees are justify accordingly on the market conditions. Employees are employ based on individual skills and working experience. Hiring and promotion decisions are based on the basis merits as opposed to status, hierarchy and gender. The American system is performance orientated and job status is based on the performance of their job scope. Many new hires are professional who are highly educated and well-trained.High Uncertainty Japan vs. Low Uncertainty Avoidance AmericaJapan is rank as one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries which is easily differentiated from the rest of the countries. They scorn uncertainty and everything must be in good control without any uncertainty occurring. Japanese spent a lot of time and effort into feasibility studies and all risk factors must be minimize forward any decision is make. Detailed facts and figures must also be provided for supporting every decision the organisation makes. This high degree for uncertainty avoidance is one of the reasons why changes are still so difficult to realize in current Japan.America are being describe as most uncertainty accepting country. There is a large degree o f acceptance for new ideas, innovative products and a willingness to try new invention. Americans are more tolerant of ideas or opinions from anyone and allow the freedom of expression. They accept risks and are risk-takers. American live more easily with uncertainly and skeptical about rules and regulations. They believe all problems can be solved and all obstacles will be overcome.Long-Term Orientation in Japan vs. Short-Term Orientation in AmericaJapan being long term orientation is seen in the consistent high rate in terms of investment and research and development even in economically down time. Japanese prefer to progress slowly towards a long-term goal. Values associated with long-tem orientation are thrift, perseverance and making sacrifices for the future. Japanese embraces long-term commitments and sacrifice for a purpose. Serving the stakeholders and future generation are the long term commitment for most Japanese company at current.American orientation dimension focus on short term oriented culture. They measure their business as a short term basis as they are performance-oriented and result-oriented. Individuals are drives for wide awake results and are expect to produce quick results in the shortest time. American value the past and current resulting in respect for tradition and fulfilling social obligations.Varieties of Capitalism face up the globalization process national economies and their institutional arrangements are confronted with the increasing competition to each other in order to generate the best economical results as national wealth growth, high employment etc. The lax argumentation in this issue supports therefore institutional deregulation and the welfare-state retrenchment as the passable responses to the challenge and names the economies of the USA and of the UK as the successful models of capitalism. In their opinion, the less liberal market economies as f. ex. Germany, Sweden, France or Japan should change their institution al arrangements into liberal ones to keep competitive on the global markets.The varieties of capitalism approach to the political economy is actor-centered, which is to say we see the political economy as a terrain be by several actors, each of whom seeks to advance his interest in a rational way of strategic interactions with others. In which the relevant actors may be individuals, firms, producer groups, or government related.LME Vs CMELiberal market economies (LMEs), which coordinate activities via hierarchies and competitive market arrangements, classically described by Williamson. The LME system is based on arms-length exchange of goods and services, in the context of competition and formal contracting. guessors adjust to the price signals generated by markets. In many cases an effective coordination is achieved and equilibrium outcomes of firms behavior are abandoned by proviso and demand.Coordinated market economies (CMEs),which make more use of non-market relations. Key elements of non-market relations are extensive relational investment, incomplete contracts and network monitoring based on the exchange of private information within networks, as opposed to competitive behavior.Both LMEs and CMEs have institutional capacities-albeit different capacities-for being competitive. For instance, firms in LMEs tend to compete on the basis of low cost and radical product innovation. Why? Because LMEs have institutions like weakly regulated labor markets as well as financial systems that impose short-term investment horizons but allow high risk taking. These enable firms to keep labor costs down, shed labor and conclusion plants quickly, shift capital rapidly from one industry to another, and invest in risky but potentially revolutionary and lucrative research and development projects. In contrast, firms in CMEs compete more on the basis of quality and incremental innovation, such as adopting breakthrough technologies developed elsewhere. This is because C MEs have institutions like cooperative industrial relations systems within firms, coordinated wage bargaining across firms, national vocational training programs, and financial systems that allow for long-term investment horizons. These produce highly skilled managers and workers who tend to cooperate in planning, trouble shooting, and the introduction of the latest technologies in ways that enhance product quality (Hall and Soskice 2001b Soskice 1999 Streeck 1991). This is not to say that all LMEs and CMEs perform successfully.Many firms in a coordinated market economies employ productive strategies that rely on highly skilled labor force given substantial work and encourage to share information it acquires in order to generate continuous improvements in product lines and productive processes. However, companies which adopt such strategies are vulnerable to hold up by their employees and stealing of skilled workers by other companies.Labour legislation in United StatesWages Workin g HoursIn US, the Department of Labor enforces theFair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), which sets basic minimum wage and overtime pay standards. (US Department of Labor, 30.10.12). The Act requires that employees must receive at least theminimum wageof $7.25 per hour and may not be employed for more than 40 hours in a week without receiving at least one and one-half times their regular rates of pay for theovertimehours. overtime Pay Not less than one and one-half times regular rate of payVacation and Sick LeaveTheFair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)does not require payment for time not worked, such as vacations, sick snuff it or federal or other holidays. These benefits are matters of agreement between an employer and an employee (or the employees representative).TheFamily and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)provides for up to 12 weeks of gratuitous leave for certain medical and family situations (e.g., adoption) for either the employee or a member of the covered and desirable employees immediat e family however, in many instances paid leave may be substituted for unpaid FMLA leave.Severance PaySeverance pay is often granted to employees upon termination of employment. It is usually based on length of employment for which an employee is eligible upon termination. There is no requirement in theFair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)for severance pay. Severance pay is a matter of agreement between an employer and an employee (or the employees representative). TheEmployee Benefits trade protection Administration (EBSA)may be able to assist an employee who did not receive severance benefits under their employer-sponsored plan.Equal OpportunityTitle VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964prohibits discrimination in hiring, promotion, discharge, pay, fringe benefits, job training, classification, referral, and other aspects of employment, on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex or national origin. This law is enforced by theEqual usage Opportunity Commission (EEOC).Unemployment restit ution programsIn general, the Federal-State Unemployment Insurance Program provides unemployment benefits to eligible workers who are unemployed through no fault of their own (as determined under State law), and meet other eligibility requirments of State law.Unemployment insurance payments (benefits) are intended to provide temporary financial assistance to unemployed workers who meet the requirements of State law. individually State administers a separate unemployment insurance program within guidelines established by Federal law. Eligibility for unemployment insurance, benefit amounts and the length of time benefits are available are determined by the State law under which unemployment insurance claims are established.In addition to helping workers and their families, the Unemployment Insurance programs play a key role in helping businesses, communities, and the nations economy. The program helps cushion the impact of economic downturns and brings economic stability to communitie s, states, and the nation by providing temporary income support for laid-off workers.Unions and their membersTheLabour-Management Reporting and divine revelation Act (LMRDA)of 1959 deals with the relationship between a union and its members. It protects union funds and promotes union democracy by requiring labour organizations to file annual financial reports, by requiring union officials, employers, and labour consultants to file reports regarding certain labour relations practices, and by establishing standards for the election of union officers. The act is administered by the Office of Labour-Management Standards (OLMS).SummaryIn summary, we can see that the labour system in United States is fairly open with moderate regulation with emphasis on human rights with regards to minimum wages and equality of employment. Most of the other aspects of labour employment including severance pay, vacation pay, sick leave are left to the agreement between each firm and their employees.This is in line with their low uncertainty avoidance culture in which they accept risks and are risk-takers. American live more easily with uncertainty about rules and regulations. They believe all problems can be solved and all obstacles will be overcome with the right resolve.As Americans generally display small power distance, they tend to treat people fairly. American hierarchy is being established for convenience, communication is open, informal and direct. This could be one of the reasons behind their Labour-Management Report and Disclosure Act and the presentation behind the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).This open-culture nature of labour regulation would be a big draw for multinational corporations who are want overseas expansion in the face of globalization.Labour legislation in JapanWages Working hoursJapans Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare dictates that an employer shall not have a worker work more than 40 hours per week, excluding rest periods, and mor e than 8 hours per day for each day of the week, excluding rest periods. (Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training, 27.10.2012)Overtime PayIn the event that an employer extends the working hours or has a worker work on a day off, the employer shall pay increased wages for work during such hours or on such days at a rate no less than the rate stipulated by cabinet order within the range of no less than 25 percent and no more than 50 percent over the normal wage per working hour or day provided, however, than in the event that the working hour thus extended exceed 60 hours per month, the employer shall pay increased wages for work during those hours at a rate no less than 50 percent over the normal wage per working hour. The Ministry may prescribe changes to these standards or limits or other items as they deem appropriate.Rest periodsAn employer shall provide workers with at least 45 minutes of rest periods during working hours in the event that working hours exceed 6 hours, an d at least one hour in the event that working hours exceed 8 hours.Annual LeaveAn employer shall also grant annual paid leave in accordance to the following table.Number of years of continuous service from the 6 months completion dayWorking days1 year1 working day2 years2 working days3 years4 working days4 years6 working days5 years8 working days6 years or more10 working days lossA dismissal shall, where the dismissal lacks objectively reasonable grounds and is not considered to be appropriate in general societal terms, be treated as a misuse of that right and invalid.An employer shall not dismiss a worker during a period of absence from work for medical treatment with respect to injuries or illnesses suffered in the course of employment nor within 30 days thereafter, and shall not dismiss a woman during a period of absence from work onward and after childbirth nor within 30 days thereafter provided, however, that this shall not apply in the event that the employer pays compensatio n for dis continuation in accordance nor when the continuance of the enterprise has been made impossible by a natural disaster or other unavoidable reason.In the event that an employer wishes to dismiss a worker, the employer shall provide at least 30 days advance notice. An employer who does not give 30 days advance notice shall pay the average wages for a period of not less than 30 days provided, however, that this shall not apply in the event that the continuance of the enterprise has been made impossible by a natural disaster or other unavoidable reason nor when the worker is dismissed for reasons attributable to the worker.Equal TreatmentAn employer shall not engage in jaundiced treatment with respect to wages, working hours or other working conditions by reason of the nationality, creed or social status of any worker.In addition, under the Principle of Equal Wages for Men and Women), an employer shall not engage in discriminatory treatment of a woman as compared with a man wi th respect to wages by reason of the worker being a woman.Employment Insurance SystemEmployment insurance in Japan is an obligatory insurance managed by the government and it is compulsory for any enterprise which employs more than one worker.Under this scheme, benefits are granted to the unemployed, to workers who are having trouble continuing their employment and to those who voluntarily receive vocational training. It aims to promote workers welfare and prevent unemployment by increasing work opportunities and skills training.SummaryOn the contrary from the United States system, labour employment conditions in Japan are very much regulated and controlled by the government. This is due in part to the fact that Japan is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries. They dislike uncertainty and everything must be in good control without any uncertain occurring. As such, this is the need for many specific standards and limits in the form of exact figures to avoid ambiguity and conf usion.There is also government emphasis on gender discrimination as Japan is a highly-masculine society. These rules protect working women as it is still tentatively hard for women to climb up the corporate ladders in Japan with their masculine norm of long working hours which result in highdiscrimination against woman.An interesting point to note is that their labour legislation takes into account the impact of natural disasters on employment terms and agreements. Quite appropriate since Japan is an earthquake-prone country.Japan

A Survey on Ranking in Information Retrieval System

A Survey on Ranking in Information Retrieval SystemShikha GuptaAbstract usable information is expanding day by day and this availability makes access and proper organization to the archives critical for efficient implement of information. People generally bank on information convalescence (IR) remains to get the desired result. In such a case, it is the duty of the service provider to provide germane(predicate), proper and flavour information to the user against the query submitted to the IR System, which is a challenge for them. With succession, many old techniques have been modified, and many new techniques argon developing to do legal retrieval over large collections. This paper is concerned with the analysis and comparison of various available scallywag be algorithms found on the various parameters to regulate bug out their advantages and limitations in ranking the pages. Based on this analysis of different page ranking algorithms, a comparative study has been done to find out their relative strengths and limitations. This paper also tries to find out the further scope of research in page ranking algorithm.KeywordsInformation Retrieval (IR) System, Ranking, Page Rank, HITS, WPR, WLR, outdistance Rank, Time Rank, Query Dependent, Con textbook.1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Information Retrieval SystemInformation retrieval systems atomic number 18 defined as some collection of components and processes which takes input in the form of a query from the user to the system, then comp bes it with the information which has been collected by the system, and then produce an output, which is some set of texts or information objects considered to be related to the query. It is the activity of obtaining the information imaginativenesss which are relevant to an information need(query) from a collection of information resources. Data structure used by an IR system is Inverted index which is an index of termination, doc IDs entries.IR system consists of three main co mponents firstly the user in the system then the knowledge resource on which the user has an access and with which s/he interacts and, a person(s) and/or device(s) that supports and mediates the interaction of the user with the knowledge resource (the intermediary).UserFeedbackUser QueryRankedExecutableDocumentsQueryFig IR architectureIn an IR System the processes which are to be considered as important areRepresentation of the users information task which is in the form of texts in the knowledge resource e.g. indexingComparison of representation of texts and information problem e.g. retrieval techniquesInteraction between the user and an intermediary e.g. human- reasonr interaction or reference interview and, sometimes,Judgment of appropriateness of the text to information problem submitted by the user e.g. relevance judgments andModification of the representation of an information problem e.g. query reformulation or relevance feedback.1.2 RankingRanking is a process of arranging the resulted documents in the order of their relevancy. An information retrieval process begins when the user enters aqueryinto a system. Queries can be defined as formal statements ofinformation needs, for example the search strings in web search engines. In information retrieval not only a single object uniquely identifies a query in the collection, instead, several objects may match the query, but, with different degrees ofrelevancy. Most of the IR systems compute a numeric score for each object in the database to determine how well each of them matches the query, and then it rank the objects according to this calculated value. After ranking, objects having covering ranks are shown to the user. The user can then iterate the process by refining the query, if required.Use of rankingTo improve search quality.To do effective retrieval over large collections.Granting relevant, efficient, fast and quality information against the user query.2. RELATED WORKIn this paper, a review of p revious work on ranking is given. In the field of ranking, many algorithms and techniques have already been proposed but they all seem to be less efficient in efficiently granting the rank. The various algorithms are defined below..Page Rank algorithmic programPage Rank algorithmic program is one of the most common ranking algorithms. It is alink analysisalgorithm which provides a way of measuring the magnificence of pages. Its working is found on the number and quality of links to a page to make a rough estimate of the vastness of the page. It is based on the assumption that more important pages are will receive more links from other pages. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given elementEis referred to as thePageRank of Eand is denoted by PR (E).HITS AlgorithmHyperlink-Induced Topic Search(HITS also known ashubs and authorities) is alink analysisalgorithmthat rates pages. In links and out links of the web pages are processed to rank them. A good hub represents a page t hat pointes to many other pages, and a good authority represents a page that was linked by many different hubs. The escape therefore assigns two scores for each page its authority, which estimates the value of the content of the page, and its hub value, which estimates the value of its links to other pages. HITS algorithm has the limitation of assigning high rank value to some popular pages that are not highly relevant to the given query.Hubs Authorities Fig Hubs and AuthoritiesWeighted Page Rank AlgorithmWeighted Page Rank algorithm (WPR) is an extension to the standard Page Rank algorithm. The importance of both in-links and out-links of the pages are taken into account. Rank scores are distributed based on the popularity of the pages. Number of in-links and out-links are observed to determine the popularity of a page. This algorithm performs better than the conventional Page Rank algorithm in call of returning a large number of relevant pages to the given query.Weighted Links R ank AlgorithmWeighted links rank (WLRank) algorithm is a variant of Page Rank algorithm. Different page attributes are considered to give more weight to some links, for improving the precision of the answers. Various page attributes which are considered for assigning the weight are tag in which the link is contained, length of the anchor text and relative position in the page. The use of anchor text is the best attribute of this algorithm.Distance Rank AlgorithmIt is an intelligent ranking algorithm based on learning. In this algorithm, the distance between pages is calculated. The distance is dened as the number of average clicks between two pages. It considers distance between pages as a punishment and therefore aims at minimizing this distance so that a page with less distance will get a higher rank. The Advantage of this algorithm is that it can find pages with high quality and more quickly with the use of distance based solution. Also, the complexity of Distance Rank is low. Th e Limitation of this algorithm is that it requires a large calculation to calculate the distance vector.Time Rank AlgorithmThis algorithm utilizes the time factor to increase the accuracy of the web page ranking. In this the rank score is improved by using the visit time of the page. The visit time of the page is measured after applying original and improved methods of web page rank algorithm to know about the degree of importance to the users. Time factor is used in this algorithm to increase the accuracy of the page ranking. It is a combination of content and link structure. It provides satisfactory and more relevant results.Query Dependent Ranking AlgorithmThis algorithm is used to point out a large variety of queries. The similarities between the queries are measured. The ranking of documents in search is conducted by using different models based on different properties of queries. The ranking model in this algorithm is the combination of various models of the similar knowledge queries.Categorization by contextThis approach proposes a ranking scheme in which ranking is done on the basis of context of the document rather than on the terms basis. Its task is to extract contextual information about documents by analyzing the structure of documents that refer to them. It uses context to describe collections. It is used to overcome the disadvantages of term based approach.3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPEA large number of algorithms are present today which can be used for ranking the pages in Informational Retrieval System. There will always be a scope of better ranking of pages as each algorithm has its associated advantages and disadvantages.In term based approach, there are problems of Synonymy (means multiple words having the same meaning) and Polysemy (means that a word has multiple meanings). On the other hand, in context based approach, the problem is that the pages which refer to a document must contain enough hints about its content so that they are suff icient to classify the document.According to the requirements of the user, the IR system should use an appropriate algorithm. Use of an efficient algorithm will provide speedy response, and, accurate and relevant results.REFERENCES1 Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani, Weighted PageRank Algorithm, In legal proceeding of the 2rd Annual Conference on Communication Networks Services Research, PP. 305-314, 2004.2 Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Emilio Davis ,Web page ranking using link attributes , In minutes of the 13th international World extensive Web conference on Alternate track papers posters, PP.328-329, 2004.3 H Jiang et al., TIMERANK A Method of Improving Ranking Scores by Visited Time, In proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Kunming, 12-15 July 2008.4 Jon Kleinberg, Authoritative Sources in a Hyperlinked Environment, In Proceedings of the ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1998.5 Ali Mohammad Zareh Bidoki and Nasser Yazdani, Dis tanceRank An scintillating Ranking Algorithm for Web Pages, Information Processing and Management, 2007.6 Dilip Kumar Sharma and A. K. Sharma, A Comparative Analysis of Web Page Ranking Algorithms, in International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, 2010.7 Giuseppe Attardi and Antonio Gull, Automatic Web Page Categorization by Link and Context Analysis,8 Parul Gupta and Dr. A.K.Sharma, Context based Indexing in Search Engines using Ontology, 2010 International Journal of Computer Applications.9 Abdelkrim Bouramoul, Mohamed-Khireddine Kholladi1 and Bich-Lien Doan, , USING CONTEXT TO IMPROVE THE EVALUATION OF INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS International Journal of Database Management Systems, may 2011.10 Xiubo Geng, Tie-Yan Liu, Tao Qin, Query Dependent Ranking Using K-Nearest Neighbor, SIGIR08, July 2024, 2008, Singapore

The child sex tourism industry in india

The electric razor stimulate tourism industriousness in indiaIntroductionThe commercial sexual ontogenesis of chel argonn is a aboriginal violation of electric shaverrens rights. The child is treated as a sexual object and as a commercial object. The commercial sexual growing of children constitutes a phase of coercion and violence against children, and amounts to hale labor and a contemporary salute of slavery.1 Child Sex touristry is part of the global phenomenon of commercial sexual exploitation of children. It involves the sexual malignment exploitation of both male and female children, usually but not always, in tourism destinations. Several studies have attempted to consider the extent and severity of the phenomenon, emphasizing different aspects thereof be it travel trade, psychological, socioeconomic facets. The factors that push children into sexual exploitation be numerous for example family disintegration, unfair socio-economic structure, harmful and religio us puts which undermines fulfilment of the basic need of the children. By treating the child as a commodity which can be purchased, hired sell or thr protest external is no longer a question of poverty, but rather one of values, in particular the values of consumerism.According to NHRC Report on Trafficking in Women and Children, in India the population of women and children in sex work in India is stated to be between70, 000 and 1 million of these, 30% are 20 geezerhood of age. Nearly 15% began sex work when they were below 15 and 25% entered between 15 and 18 years (Mukherjee Das 1996). In public look out child sex tourism is not considered a major social issue in India, partly because of the experience that the problem is not as lancinate as in some countries of South East Asia and partly because the problem is largely associated only with poverty. either hour, four women and girls in India enter whoredom, three of them against their get out. here(predicate) when a wom en or a children are forced for such things indeed argon these not a associate related to ethics? This paper will discuss the causes of the problem of child prostitution for sexual needs in India.Sex tourism refers to an organized tour whose primary purpose is thecommercial-sexual relationship with an separate from the body politic that he or she is visiting. There are three major categories of sexual exploitations that occur within sex tourism. These are prostitution, pornography and trafficking for sexual purpose. Recently, the geld of sex tourism is to provide sex tourists a wider number of children as opposed to older and more mature women. In fact, the commercial sexual exploitation of minors by international tourists today is considered asa human tragedy occurring in a grand scale with virtually no consequences for those who practice this. The World Tourism Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, defines sex tourism as trips organized from within the to urism welkin, or from outside this sector but using its structures and networks, with the primary purpose of effecting a commercial sexual relationship by the tourist with residents at the destination. But it excessively refers to business people, air industry workers or military personnel. Attractions for sex tourists can include reduced costs for services in the destination country, along with either legal prostitution or weak law enforcement and access to child prostitution.More than 2.4 million tourists visit India every year and growth of the tourism industry in the country has contributed to an increase in the sexual exploitation of children by tourists. Child sex tourism is prevalent in Goa, North Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, West Bengal and in Rajasthan. Mumbai is believed to be the biggest centre for pedophilic commerce in India. Child sex tourism involves hotels, travel agencies and tour operators and some companies cleanly advertise availability of child pro stitutes. They have contacts with openhanded sex workers, rickshaw pullers petty traders who make contact with street or other vulnerable children and bring them to tourist hotels and lodges. Children are often promised better jobs and then forced into sex and in many cases moneylenders force parents to sell their children to repay debts. A traveler may not intend to engage in sex with children while he is away from home, but he does so because a child is made easily available to him. Opportunistic exploitation, then, along with organized child sex tourism, is a critical factor compounding the complex socio-economic factors that push children into local prostitution industries.Here are some of the prominentfacts about child sex tourism in IndiaIndia has the largest number of children (375 million) in the world, nearly 40% of its population69% of Indian children are victims of physical, emotional, or sexual abuse (or assume it as every 2 out of3)New Delhi, the nations capital, has an abuse rate of over83%89% of the crimes are perpetrated by family membersBoys face more abuse (72%) than girls(65%)More than 70% of cases go un identifyed and unshared even with parents/familyThere are many factors that make children vulnerable to sex tourism. They may alike be called as a Push factor for them in child sex. Let us discuss some of them.Organised prostitution It is known that child prostitution is the sexual exploitation of the child for remuneration in cash or in kind, usually but not always organized by an go-between (parents, family members, procurers, etc.). Many children, particularly girls, are abused within brothels that are frequented by both, local, regional and foreign child abusers. Some research suggests that girls enter the sex industry as a direct result of coercion or an unspoken expectation by other family members, including sisters or mothers already in the industry. Many of the girls are from the States of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra and often the daughters of migrant women involved in the sex industry.Poverty and economic insecurity The majority of the children, both migrant and local, come from poor backgrounds and have light or no access to education. The parents are unskilled workers from neighbouring States who need to migrate to various regions in search of employment. As a result, many of the children are in any case compelled to work and can be found around beach and resorts areas, often working as vendors. The nature of their work requires them to be friendly to tourists and therefore leaves them open to offers by sex tourists.Weak family structure Family breakdown is seen as an important aspect leading to children organism exposed to abuse. Many children have run away from home and live on the streets due to problems at home ranging from drug abuse, alcoholism or physical or mental illness. Like all children who have from violence and abuse, they may be physically, mentally injured. They are at hig h risk of long-lasting physical, social, and psychological damage, disease (including HIV) or unwanted pregnancy and forced abortions.Lack of parental supervision Many of the abused are migrant workers children who are unsupervised and alone on the streets while their parents take up unconcerned or daily wage work in Goa. These children often end up wandering on the streets and are vulnerable to the lures of sex tourists.Trafficking Trafficking of children is a worldwide phenomenon affecting large numbers of boys and girls every day. Children and their families are often lured by the promise of better employment and a more prosperous life furthermost from their homes. Others are kidnapped and sold. Trafficking violates a childs right to grow up in a family environment and exposes him or her to a range of dangers, including violence and sexual abuse. There is also some evidence to suggest that children are being trafficked to Goa from other parts of the country or even from other countries for purposes of sexual exploitation. Children are also sold by poor families from different regions and then forced into working in the sex industry or other labour around coastal areas where they are at risk from sex offenders. It appears that some families sexually exploit their own children by either selling them to traffickers or by forcing them into prostitution. Such families prize clobber benefits at the cost of any abuse to their child.Pornography Pornography is like a media in sex tourism. Child prostitution is somehow connected with child pornography. It refers to the visual or audio depiction of the child for the sexual gratification of the use, and involves the production, distribution and or use of such material. Pornographic images of children are often copied ternary times and may remain in circulation for many years the victim continues to be subjected to humiliation long after the image has been made.Discrimination Many prostitutes in India are victims o f the Devadasis (temple prostitute) system and have been dedicated to the Goddess Yellamma (around 10,000 girls in India are dedicated each year). Goa is no different and many of the girls in its red light districts are victims of this system.after knowing all the factors which push children into such vulnerable situation, one thing which comes instantly into mind is that all contrary to the principles of Integrity and Fairness. It is always questionable that Are these children not a human being? How a parent can do such pitiful things with their own child?Every child has its own integrity and has the right to live a life of respectful human being. The exploitation of human beings dehumanizes the individuals who are trafficked, rewards the inhumanity of the traffickers, and weakens the moral and social fabric of conjunction at large. Restoring dignity to persons who have been exploited is not easy, and the danger of paternalizing trafficked victims in the name of aiding them must be kept in view. Traffickers and parents who expose their children need to be stopped and held accountable, but they also need those who will help them to a transformation of heart and mind.Sex tourism is the dark side of the global phenomenon of tourism. Every day we read about the benefits of tourism, its income and employment potential, its ability to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, its potential to overcome uneven development in receding(prenominal) regions of the world Asks why sex tourism is being condoned and wonders why more voices are not raised in protest against its continuance. It often raises a concern for the Indian society but why only India society, child sex tourism is the part of every country whether in Asia or Europe or America. Do societies and Government need not to show Concern and Respect towards these children. Children are the future and some even call them Gift of God.Travellers who travel to some less developed country ring that they have all the rights to use people as they want. The methods that sex offenders use to lure children into abusive situations range from go them money or gifts, convincing parents that the child will enjoy a better life and providing children with shelter and employment. Such grooming methods are the hallmark of the prejudiced sex offender whereas the opportunistic ones exploit the children they meet on the street or are offered by pimps.The justifications that sex tourists offer for their abuse of children include the perception that they are helping the children monetarily and also giving children the love that they appear to crave. Many travel agencies, hotels and others are all involved in this whole process. These people think that it is part of their job and they are rendering their services to these travellers. But are their not any Code of Ethics in tourism industry. Develop an honourable policy regarding trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children. Providing info rmation to tourists on CST and request them to help dealing with the problem by informing if they see any doubtful behaviour of tourists who accompany children. To provide information to travellers by means of catalogues, brochures, in-flight films, ticket-slips, home pages, etc.The study calls for specific national, regional and local actions to safeguard children who are being sexually exploited, or are at-risk of sexual exploitation. Recommendations include the Ministry of Tourism creating a National Plan of Action to Counter Child Abuse in Tourism and for businesses in the tourism industry to shoulder more responsibility for this problem by, for example, joining the Code of Conduct (www.thecode.org). It was recommended that state and central tourism departments report annually on the status of child abuse cases, set up mechanisms along with other bodies for the protection of children, and to demonstrate a clear stand against any form of child sex abuse. The Ministry of Women an d Child Development (MWCD) are also called on to create a comprehensive Act that imposes severe punishment of offenders, including extradition laws (through the Ministry of Home Affairs). The report also calls for child sex tourism cases to be treated as non-bailable offences. Training on child rights laws and how to handle child abuse cases for Police was also recommended, along with sensitization training and mandatory reporting of child abuse (including adults traveling with children under suspicious circumstances) both by Police and by aerodrome and railway authorities. More in-depth study on the commercial sexual exploitation of children is also necessary to inform policy, protection mechanisms and campaigns. What can we do? Here are my thoughts Educate our children about sex. If you are not parents yourselves, but know and care about other families of friends and relatives, open up this topic for discussion and encourage the parents to do what isright. If you think talking abo ut sex is difficult for you, dont just be embarrassed,shrugitoff, and give it up. Many parents dont know their children are victims, and live in a fantasy world of nothing like that would ever happen to my child. Talk to your parents in order to understand what difficulties they had to face culturally when bringing you up. That may give clues to how to overcome cultural taboos. Finally, spread the word. Spread the awareness. We owe it to the next generation. With the knowledge that our children know the basic facts to safeguard themselves, we can at least hope to ready our heads high onceagain. With the economic growth more tourism increased salaries limited family life more luxury life money being spent for temporary pleasure going high all kind of un-social activities will be going high. It is the real form of terrorism. Let the policy maker and the ships company in power and the opposition party see that this is the new form of suicide bomb.After centuries of being shoved unde r the carpet, the truth is out. And we, as Indians, should stop, hold our breath, omit our heads in shame, and introspect. In the fight against trafficking government organizations, non-governmental organizations, civil society, pressure groups, international bodies, all have to play an important role. Law cannot be the only doer to take care of all problems.NotesA statement from The Declaration and the Agenda for Action from the First World Congress against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, held in Stockholm, 1996

Melvilles Moby Dick: Defining Violence in Literature :: Moby Dick Essays

Melvilles Moby Dick Defining Violence in LiteratureTwo stories were recently t honest-to-goodness to me, independently of one another, and although I was struck by each, it was a third story that emerged from the collision of the first two that most challenged me. The first story is about the wildness of literature Thats my current definition of literature a cataclysmic event, one that disrupts what we think we so-settle-edly-know... (Dalke). The second story is a definition of violence that I perceive used in the context of a conversation about racism. Violence is the denial of humanity. Although the implication seemed to be that humanity is denied to the victim of violence, I also purport that violence diminishes the humanity of the perpetrator. Looming at the point where these two stories encounter each other is a pair of screaming questions. 1) What does it mean to deny humanity? And 2) How house this definition of violence be reconciled with the assertion that literature/s torytelling is violent when storytelling is a fabulously human phenomenon? Initially, I was compelled by Dalkes definition of literature as cataclysmic and violent, partly because my immediate reaction was to disagree. Is not literature a tool that we use to cling together and to ever more profound moment? Must literature deconstruct in exhibition to recreate and expand? In concert with this skepticism is another story about literature which maintains that the demonstrable number of stories is very few. All stories can be reduced to, at most, a dozen types or formulas within which storytellers maneuver creatively in order to extract new things from the old patterns. Violence suggests that something is being destroyed or detracted (I will turn to the specific target of humanity in a moment), so if literature is violent, must we conceive of these variations on a formula as somehow depleting the underlying structure? Alternatively, violence suggests that literature is a process of c annibalizing old formulas in the creation of new. This version creates the space for an infinite number of story types. So, is literature violence or clinging? Or are these two things ultimately the corresponding? The story of violence as the denial of humanity is where I begin to search for an answer. The elemental gesture of humanity is the desire to transcend itself, to know the universe, to circumnavigate the absolute truth. But, this clinging to meaning, to greater meaning, is destructive because it implies something incomplete about humans and sets us up for failure.